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Six Sigma for Managers

Six Sigma for Managers. Contents :. Six Sigma : An Overview What is Six Sigma? Why Six Sigma? Six Sigma Phases : Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control Tools and Key Roles for Six Sigma. Why Six Sigma?. What is Sigma ?.

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Six Sigma for Managers

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  1. Six Sigma for Managers

  2. Contents : • Six Sigma : An Overview • What is Six Sigma? • Why Six Sigma? • Six Sigma Phases : Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control • Tools and Key Roles for Six Sigma

  3. Why Six Sigma?

  4. What is Sigma ? A term used in statistics to represent standard deviation, an indicator of the degree of variation in a set of a process Sigma

  5. What is Six Sigma? A statistical concept that measures a process in terms of defects – at the six sigma level, there 3.4 defects per million opportunities Six Sigma A philosophy and a goal : as perfect as practically possible A methodology and a symbol of quality

  6. Sigma Level

  7. Sigma Level Six Sigma = 99.9997%

  8. Sigma Level • Every hour the postal service would lose 20,000 pieces of mail • Every day our drinking water would be unsafe for almost 15 minutes • Every week there would be 5,000 surgical operations that go wrong in some way • Every month we would be without electricity for almost seven hours Why not four Sigma or 99.379% ?

  9. Why Six Sigma? Money` Quality Customer Satisfaction Competitive Advantage Growth Employee Pride

  10. Why Six Sigma? • At General Motors, Six Sigma added more than $ 12 billion to the bottom line in 1999 alone • Motorola saved more than $ 15 billion in the first 10 years of its Six Sigma effort • Allied Signal reports saving $ 15 billion through Six Sigma.

  11. Why Six Sigma? Six Sigma is about practices that help you eliminate defects and always deliver products and services that meet customer specifications

  12. Cost of Poor Quality What is cost of scrap? What is cost of rework? What is cost of excessive cycle times and delays?

  13. Cost of Poor Quality What is cost of business lost because customers are dissatisfied with your products or services? What is cost of opportunities lost because you didn’t have time or the resources to take advantage of them?

  14. Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) Elements of a process that significantly affect the output of that process. Identifying these elements is figuring out how to make improvements that can dramatically reduce costs and enhance quality.

  15. Six Sigma Phases

  16. Six Sigma Phases Define Measure Analyze Improve D M A I C Control

  17. Six Sigma Phases Define the project goals and customer (internal and external) deliverables Define Measure the process to determine current performance Measure Analyze and determine the root cause(s) of the defects Analyze

  18. Six Sigma Phases Improve the process by eliminating defects Improve Control future process performance Control

  19. Six Sigma Phases • Define Customers and Requirements (CTQs) • Develop Problem Statement, Goals and Benefits • Identify Champion, Process Owner and Team • Define Resources • Evaluate Key Organizational Support • Develop Project Plan and Milestones • Develop High Level Process Map Define

  20. Six Sigma Phases • Define Defect, Opportunity, Unit and Metrics • Detailed Process Map of Appropriate Areas • Develop Data Collection Plan • Validate the Measurement System • Collect the Data • Begin Developing Y=f(x) Relationship • Determine Process Capability and Sigma Baseline Measure

  21. Six Sigma Phases • Define Performance Objectives • Identify Value/Non-Value Added Process Steps • Identify Sources of Variation • Determine Root Cause(s) • Determine Vital Few x's, Y=f(x) Relationship Analyze

  22. Six Sigma Phases • Perform Design of Experiments • Develop Potential Solutions • Define Operating Tolerances of Potential System • Assess Failure Modes of Potential Solutions • Validate Potential Improvement by Pilot Studies • Correct/Re-Evaluate Potential Solution Improve

  23. Six Sigma Phases • Define and Validate Monitoring and Control System • Develop Standards and Procedures • Implement Statistical Process Control • Determine Process Capability • Develop Transfer Plan, Handoff to Process Owner • Verify Benefits, Cost Savings/Avoidance, Profit Growth • Close Project, Finalize Documentation • Communicate to Business, Celebrate Control

  24. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Deliverables : • Fully trained team is formed, supported, and committed to work on improvement project. • Team charter developed, customers identified and high impact characteristics (CTQs) defined, business process mapped.

  25. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Team Readiness : • Team is sponsored by a champion or business leader.  • Team formed and team leaders assigned.  • Improvement team members fully trained on Six Sigma and DMAIC.  • Team Charter : • Completed project management charter, including business case, problem and goal statements, project scope, milestones, roles and responsibilities, communication plan.

  26. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Customers • Customer(s) identified and segmented according to their different needs and requirements. • Data collected and displayed to better understand customer(s) critical needs and requirements. • Business Process Mapping • Completed, verified, and validated high-level 'as is' (not 'should be' or 'could be') business process map. • Completed SIPOC representation, describing the Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, and Customers.

  27. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Deliverables : • Key measures identified, data collection planned and executed, process variation displayed and communicated, performance baselined, sigma level calculated.

  28. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Key Measures Identified • Key measures identified and agreed upon. • High impact defects defined and identified in the business process. • Data Collection Planned and Executed • Solid data collection plan established that includes measurement systems analysis. • Data collected on key measures that were identified.

  29. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Process Variation Displayed/Communicated • Process variation components displayed/communicated using suitable charts, graphs, plots. • Long term and short term variability accounted for. • Performance Baseline/Sigma Calculation • Measure baseline process performance (capability, yield, sigma level).

  30. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Deliverables : • Data and process analysis, root cause analysis, quantifying the gap/opportunity.

  31. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Data and Process Analysis • Identify gaps between current performance and the goal performance. • Root Cause Analysis • Generate list of possible causes (sources of variation). • Segment and stratify possible causes (sources of variation). • Prioritize list of 'vital few' causes (key sources of variation). • Verify and quantify the root causes of variation.

  32. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Quantifying the Gap/Opportunity • Determine the performance gap. • Display and communicate the gap/opportunity in financial terms.

  33. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Deliverables : • Generate (and test) possible solutions, select the best solutions, design implementation plan.

  34. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Generating (and Testing) Possible Solutions • Possible solutions generated and tested.

  35. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Selecting The Best Solution(s) • Optimal solution selected based on testing and analysis. • New and improved process ('should be') maps developed. • Cost/benefit analysis of optimal solution(s). • Small-scale pilot for proposed improvement(s). • Pilot data collected and analyzed. • Improved process ('should be') maps modified based on pilot data and analysis. • Project impact on utilizing the best solution(s).

  36. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Designing Implementation Plan • Solution implementation plan established, including schedule/work breakdown structure, resources, risk management plan, cost/budget, and control plan. • Contingency plan established.

  37. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Deliverables : • Documented and implemented monitoring plan, standardized process, documented procedures, response plan established and deployed, transfer of ownership (project closure).

  38. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Monitoring Plan • Control plan in place for sustaining improvements (short and long-term). • Process Standardization • New process steps, standards, and documentation are ingrained into normal operations. • Documented Procedures • Operating procedures are consistent. • Knowledge gained on process is shared and institutionalized.

  39. Define Measure Analyze Improve Control • Checkpoints for Readiness • Response Plan • Response plans established, understood, and deployed. • Transfer of Ownership (Project Closure) • Transfer ownership and knowledge to process owner and process team tasked with the responsibilities.

  40. Tools and Roles for Six Sigma

  41. Tools for Six Sigma • Creating flowcharts of the step in a process – operations, decision points, delays, movements, handoffs, rework, loops, and controls or inspections. • A process map is illustrated description of how a process work. Process Mapping

  42. Tools for Six Sigma • DOE is a structured, organized method for determining the relationship between factors (Xs) affecting a process and the output of that process (Y). Design of Experiments or DOE

  43. Tools for Six Sigma • A group of rows and columns, with one set of increments marked along the X (horizontal) axis and another set of increments marked along the Y (vertical) axis. • The purpose of using XY matrix is to study and understand the relationship between what you are putting into a process and what your customer is getting out of it. • The XY matrix allows the team to identify gaps, areas for improvement. XY Matrix

  44. Tools for Six Sigma • The goal of this tool is to ensure that your measurement system is statically confident – that it’s both accurate and precise each and every time it is used. • Undertaken during Measure phase, your MSA determines whether or not you can take a certain measurement and repeat or reproduce it among different people who take the same measurement. Measurement System Analysis

  45. Tools for Six Sigma • Process capability tool is the measure of a process being able to meet specification requirements and fulfill customer CTQ needs on a long term basis. Process Capability Tool

  46. Tools for Six Sigma • Investigating a theory about the suspected cause (s) of a particular effect in a process to determine if it is correct. • It’s a compass that points you directly to the vital few factors that are most affecting your process. Hypothesis Testing

  47. Tools for Six Sigma • The manner in which a part or process can fail to meet a specification, creating a defect or non-conformance, and the impact on the customer if that failure mode is not prevented or corrected. Failure Mode Effect Analysis

  48. Tools for Six Sigma • A detailed assessment and guide for maintaining all the positive changes you, your black belt, and the project team have made. • It ensures that all your analysis and efforts stay in effect and that you have information at your disposal to prevent backsliding or a return to less than optimal performance standard. Control Plan

  49. Key Roles for Six Sigma Includes CEO and other key top management team members. They are responsible for setting up a vision for Six Sigma implementation. Executive Leadership Are responsible for the Six Sigma implementation across the organization in an integrated manner. Champions also act as mentor to Black Belts. Champions

  50. Key Roles for Six Sigma Identified by champions, act as in-house expert coach for the organization on Six Sigma. They devote 100% of their time to Six Sigma. Master Black Belts Operate under Master Black Belts to apply Six Sigma methodology to specific projects. They primarily focus on Six Sigma project execution. Black Belts

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