Chapters 18 and 19

1. Chapters 18 and 19 North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia

2. North Africa

3. Population Patterns • Still has a European influence. Primary influence is mix of indigenous and Arab cultures. • Berbers- nomads. Indigenous before Arab invasions. 15 million today. Farmers today. Pastoral nomads before. • Arabs- principle ethnic group. AD 600s migrated from Arabian Peninsula. Bedouin- nomads who came to North Africa. Egypt is primary home. • Constant contact with Europe. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia. French, Spanish Muslims, Romans and Jews. • Availability of water a strong influence on settlement in this area. • Settled along seacoasts and river deltas- Nile River Delta- 90% of people in Egypt live there. World’s most densely populated areas. • Most populated areas are urban centers. Overpopulation causes problems- not enough housing, food or jobs.

4. Early Civilizations and Invasions • 10,000 years ago hunters and gatherers came. • 6000 BC farming along Nile and Mediterranean Sea. First to domesticate plants and animals. • 6,000 years ago Egyptian civilization along Nile. Floods made soil rich for farming. Dry season used irrigation. Able to grow two crops. Developed 365 day calendar, pyramids, and hieroglyphics. • 7th century invasions from Arabs. Culture survived until 1922. • AD 600s Arabs invasion from east to Morocco brought Islam. • Muslim and Jewish exiles in 1400s brought a Spanish influence to Morocco. • European colonial rule. French influence in Algeria. Geometric boundaries- follow straight lines instead of natural/cultural features between Libya, Egypt and Algeria. Create conflict. Local practices do not match European ideas. • Nationalism- 1800s. Urban middle class rebelled against European rule.

5. Independence and Culture • Egypt – 1922 from Great Britain. Suez Canal- connects Red Sea to Mediterranean made Egypt a power. Center of Arab nationalism. • Algeria- mid-1900s nationalist civil war. 1962 independence. Civil war 1990s killed over 100,000. • Libya- 1951 from Italy. Al-Qaddafi took control in 1969 and ruled until 2011. • Tunisia- 1956 from France. Along with Morocco- constitutional monarchy. • Most prevalent religion is Islam brought with the Arabs. Most are Sunni Muslims. • Arabic is also the predominate language because of Islam. Regions main language. • Primary education is free- literacy rates range from 52-82% • Heath care improved. Government owned hospitals. Doctor shortages means less heath care for rural people.

6. Eastern Mediterranean

7. Population Patterns • Israel- 7.1 Israelis live in Eastern Mediterranean. 80% Jewish. Ancestors were Israelites who settled in Canaan (shared by Israel and Lebanon). Promised land. Wars, forced exile, persecution and trade led them to settle in other countries but religious identity kept link alive to that place. • Arabs did not want them in the area that had been their homeland for centuries. Tensions resulted in 6 wars brought hardship to all. • Palestinians- Arabs in Palestine. Displaced from homes. Refugee settlements. • Dry desert climate makes people live along coasts and Euphrates River. Creates some of highest population densities in Southwest Asia. Lebanon 941 people per square mile. • Mostly urban. 75% in Israel, Jordan and Lebanon. 50% in Syria and Palestine. Israel has experienced intense immigration since 1948. 1 million from Soviet Union since 1989.

8. Religion as History • Judaism, Christianity, Islam- monotheistic- one god. Jerusalem important to all 3. • Judaism- oldest monotheistic religion. Origin to ancient Israelites. Obedience to God’s laws and a just society. Hebrew Bible- contains Torah, the prophets and sacred writings. • Christianity- Jesus started teaching. Those who believed in him and his teachings would be renewed and go to heaven. Teachings became basis for Christianity after his death. Bible includes Jewish writings in the Old Testament. • Islam- 610 Gabriel visited Muhammad. Preached people should turn away from sin and worship one God. Claimed to be the last in a line of prophets. By 700s spread through Middle East and parts of Europe. Profound religious, cultural and political influences.

9. Independence and Conflict • Physical geography limited economic growth. Islamic empires rose and fell. Lacked resources for industrialization. By 1800s European powers controlled large areas of Mediterranean. Gained independence around WWII. • Arab-Israeli Conflict- late 1800s Zionists (Jews) called for a return to Palestine. After WWII fighting broke out between Jews and Arabs. 1947 UN decided to make Palestine a divided Jewish and Arab nation. 1948 Jews declared Palestine independent. Tension though led to 6 wars. • Israelis and Palestinians- wars forced many Arabs to live as refugees in other countries. They want their own country. Did have some progress towards peace in the 1990s but that ended in 2006 with the Islamic group Hamas controlling the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

10. Culture • Most are Sunni Muslims. Syria and Lebanon have the Shia branch. • Jews and Christians are small percentage. Most Jews live in Israel. Hebrew and Arabic are both spoken. • Education is compulsory and free. Literacy rates range from 76-96%. Hospitals are government owned and health care has improved.

11. Northeast

12. Population Patterns • Most came from Central Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. • Turks- 8,000 years many have occupied Anatolia. Asian part of Turkey. Turkic people came from Central Asia in 1000s. Ottoman Empire controlled most of Mediterranean for 600 years. Practice Islam and speak Turkish. Blend Turkish, Islamic and Western elements. • Iranians- 67 million people. Once called Persia. Descendents of Aryans who settled there in 1000 BC from Russia. Speak Farsi (Persian) and 90% practice Shia branch of Islam. • Arabs- most live in Iraq. Most are Shia Muslims. 35% are Sunni. Arabic is spoken. • Kurds- 2,000 years have lived in mountains of Turkey, Iraq and Iran. Most are Sunni and speak Kurdish. No country of their own. Call territory Kurdistan. • Most populous countries are Turkey and Iran, each with 70 million. 29 million in Iraq. Large cities and towns common. densities range from 110-244 people per square mile. • Cities are overcrowded. Try to improve situation. Some have moved government offices away from major cities.

13. Civilizations and Empires • Arose in Mesopotamia, area between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. One of the world’s first cultural hearths. Part of large rich fertile region Fertile Crescent. • Sumerians- grew crops year round using irrigation. Code of law, math, and engineering. Cuneiform- wedge shaped symbols. Writing style. • Phoenicians- traders. Developed new alphabet which was the basis for modern alphabets. • Persian Empire- during 500s BC. Qanats- underground canals. • Ottoman Empire- lasted 600 years. Modern Turkey. Spanned northern Africa, western Asia, and southeastern Europe.

14. Modern Era and Era of Oil • By 1800s controlled by Europe. Britain controlled Iraq until 1932 and since then they have been involved in many conflicts. • Ottoman Empire ended during WWI. Turkey established in 1923. • Iran and Iraq are separated by the Zagros Mountains. Provide a natural boundary. Secular government in Iran was overthrown in 1979 during the Islamic Revolution. • 1900s oil is discovered in this region. • OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Founded in 1950s. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Regulate oil production to keep prices high. Gained more power as demand for oil grew. Even imposed an embargo when it was angered over the Arab-Israeli War.

15. Culture • Most speak Arabic. Turkey main language is Turkish, Persians speak Farsi. • Turkey- majority are Sunni. Iraq and Iran majority are Shia. • Education required through grade 6 in Iraq and grade 8 in Turkey. Literacy rate is 80-86%. • Health care varies. Most are trying to rebuild. Even if they have government owned hospitals they suffer from doctor shortages.

16. Arabian Peninsula

17. Population Patterns • 56 million Arabs. Most are Muslims. Islamic culture and Arabic language had significant impact. • Arabic speaking people lived there long before Islam was introduced. Descendent from ancient people like Egyptians, Phoenicians, and Berbers so they still speak those Semitic languages. • Most people have migrated throughout the area looking for jobs. • Harsh desert and lush coastal climates dictate where people live. • Bedouin still roam the deserts and settle in oases but many migrate to cities. • Saudi Arabia- density can be as high as 2,600 people per square mile in cities. Because the country is so large its total density is only 30 people per square mile. • Bahrain- 89% of population live in two cities. • Oman- half population live along the coastal plains. • Discovery of oil led to increased wealth, modernization, and immigration.

18. History • Saw the birth of Islam which was a crucial part of each state’s culture. • One of the oldest centers of civilization was in Yemen between 1100s B.C. and A.D. 500s. • Had to build settlements along the coast because of the harsh climate. • Local family gained control and had to fight off an invasion by the Ottomans. • Saudi Arabia established in 1932 • Most of the smaller countries got protection from the British empire. • Independence came slowly. Sheikhdoms were formed. Ruled by religious leaders. • Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Oman are monarchies. Kuwait and Qatar are ruled by emirs or princes. • Very oil rich areas. Qatar has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world.

19. Culture • As more people come in to work in the oil industry the cultural structure is changing. • Shia and Sunni Muslims are dominant sects of Islam. • Ibadhism is practiced in Oman. Wahhabi sect of Sunni branch is also practiced. • Literacy rates are in the 80-90% range and education is stressed. Secondary education is a priority in countries building trained workforces. • Have government owned hospitals and some private health care. • Mosques, calligraphy. Religious festivals like Ramadan.

20. Central Asia

21. Population Patterns • Afghanistan is home to many ethnic groups. Reflect centuries of migrations and invasions. Pashtun is the main ethnic group. • 50 ethnic groups and nationalities live in Caucus areas. Armenians and Georgians are among largest ethnic groups. • Most Turkic peoples outside of Turkey live in republics. Include Uzbeks and Kazakhs. Kazakhs are the only group that is a minority in their own country. • 29.9 million people in Afghanistan. • 1915 over 1 million Armenians were massacred by the Ottoman Turks. • 20% of Armenia’s population left for work. 300,000 Georgians were displaced.

22. History and Government • Georgia includes development of a language and culture unlike any other. • Silk Road- started in 100 B.C. Trade route connecting China to Mediterranean Sea. • Because of its situation on this route, Central Asia fell under the control of various empires. • 1200s Genghis Khan invaded with his Mongols and killed tens of thousands of people. Brought paper money and safer trade routes. • Armenians resisted conquest. 90% Christians. Enclave- ethnically and culturally different from surrounding areas. Azerbaijan example of this only Muslim. • 1936 became extension of Soviet Union. Came with good and bad aspects. Dissolved in 1991 and most declared independence. • Tajikistan had chaos and still has a Russian military presence. • 1979 Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan prompting mujahideen (freedom fighters) to fight back. When Soviets left the Taliban took over. • Poverty and unemployment are widespread. Afghanistan in turmoil after U.S. overthrew the Taliban. Still not have a stable territory and problems providing basic services for people.

23. Culture • Majority speak Turkic language. • Indo-European languages include Armenian, Tajik, and Afghan Persian and Pashto. • Georgia only country with unique language and alphabet. Russian is still widely spoken as well. • Islam is dominant religion. Most are Sunni Muslims. Christianity is main religion in Georgia and Armenia. • Education is universal and mandatory through secondary school. Health care is poor but improving. Internal conflict and economic challenges have left little money for social programs.

24. The Economy

25. Economic Activities • Oil and water are two key resources. Usually they only have one or the another. • Small percent of land is arable. Still have large percent of population that works in agriculture. • Afghanistan- 12% of land arable, 67% of people farm. • What they can grow is not enough to feed their populations so they have to import food. Export a lot of citrus fruits. • Central Asia is good for growing crops and grazing livestock. Uzbekistan major cotton producer. Kazakhstan major grain producer. • Fish are also important. Israel grows freshwater fish in artificial ponds. Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea good for fishing. Overfishing has caused decline in fishing in Caspian Sea.

26. Economic Activities • Petroleum and oil main exports. 60% of world’s oil and 50% of natural gas. • Petroleum or “black gold” provides things we need for everyday life like crayons and house paint. Oil provides energy for half the world. • Iran and Saudi Arabia operate oil-refining and oil shipping facilities. Most oil producing countries export crude oil to industrialized countries. • Petrochemicals make fertilizers, medicines, plastics, and paints. • Coal and copper mining and cement production are important in both Southwest and Central Asia. • Morocco largest exporter of phosphates used in fertilizers. • Service industries are huge as well. Banking, real estate, and insurance make up 60% of Bahrain’s GDP. • Tourism is also popular because of historical aspect. Affected by violence in the area and some countries – especially Iran (conservative Muslim) limited tourism because of foreign influence.

27. Transportation and Communications • Unevenly distributed. Iran, Turkey and Egypt have extensive systems connecting oil fields. Mountains and deserts are obstacles. • In Caucasus areas roads only connection with outside world. Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan surrounded by mountains. Landlocked countries do not have access to water for transportation and trade. • Have built rapid transit systems and railroads to ease traffic congestion. Subway in Istanbul serves 9 million people. • Since WWII airline traffic has also become more accessible and cost efficient. • Water transportation vital. Mediterranean and Black Seas. Gulf of Aqaba and Strait of Hormuz are crucial for trade. Suez Canal also important. Pipelines transport natural gas and oil. • Satellites helping improve communications. Deserts an obstacle. Government controls programming in most countries. • Silk Road is 16,767 miles long connecting Europe, Central Asia and China. World’s longest communications cable along it provides 20 countries with digital services. Also trying to build Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia.

28. Trade and Interdependence • Developed countries provide aid, trade deals, and development loans to less developed countries. • OPEC- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Algeria, Libya, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE. Control over oil production. Political influence.

29. People and their environment

30. Managing Resources • Freshwater comes from rivers, oases, and aquifers. Demand for water is beyond what they have. Nile, Tigris, Jordan and Euphrates a few of their only rivers. Need water for irrigation. • Desalination system of turning salt water into freshwater. Necessary in this area but they are expensive and some countries cannot build them and most find other ways to get freshwater. • Great Man Made River- pipelines that carry water from aquifers beneath the Sahara to farms near Mediterranean. Two phases finished and already having an impact. Challenges are not draining nearby aquifers and saltwater getting in and contaminating freshwater.

31. Human Impact • Aswan High Dam- completed in 1970. 364 foot dam controls Nile’s floods, irrigates 3 million acres and provides electricity. Created Lake Nasser to help with fishing. Negative- have to use fertilizers now which are expensive. Retains salt because the floodwaters do not cleanse the soil. • War has an impact. Persian Gulf War set fire to 700 oil wells. Smoke polluted area. Dumped 250 million gallons of oil into gulf. Spread 350 miles along coast killing wildlife. Fighting takes a toll on the economy, environment and the people. • Caspian Sea, Aral Sea and Dead Sea have issues. Pollution threatens Caspian Sea. Aral Sea had water diverted from feeder rivers to irrigate farmland. Destroyed fishing industries and soil has been polluted. Water levels of the Dead Sea have dropped 262 feet in 40 years. 90% of water from feeder rivers diverted for irrigation. • Nuclear issues in area from Soviet area. Tested chemical and nuclear weapons in the area. Radiation huge issue.