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Warren M. Stern

Revolution in Nuclear Detection Affairs. Warren M. Stern. Material Security. Consequence Mgmt. Recovery. Detection. Interdiction. Render Safe. Nuclear Security . “The danger of nuclear terrorism remains one of the greatest threats to global security…” President Obama, March 2012

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Warren M. Stern

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  1. Revolution in Nuclear Detection Affairs Warren M. Stern

  2. Material Security Consequence Mgmt. Recovery Detection Interdiction Render Safe Nuclear Security “The danger of nuclear terrorism remains one of the greatest threats to global security…” President Obama, March 2012 Hankuk University, Seoul, ROK Nuclear Defense Spectrum

  3. Global Nuclear Detection Architecture (GNDA) 3 3

  4. Challenges of Nuclear Detection Energy Spectra Radiation Transmitted through Intervening Materials Radiation Emitted by Material Some materials self-shield their emitted radiation Background Radiation Sensor Detects Radiation Propagates through Environment

  5. Urban variations in background radiation Gross Counts x 104 In urban environments local variations can be large

  6. Background Challenges: Signal to Noise • Black: natural background radiation • Green : 1 mCi Cesium-137 source at 300 ft from the detector • Red: 1 mCi Cesium-137 source 150 ft from the detector Background Background + Source Background + 4*Source (or Half Distance) Can greatly impact a systems False Alarm Rate and Minimum Detectable Source Activity

  7. Very large detectors Active interrogation Quantum-dot activated scintillator and semiconductor detectors Event Bring sensor closer – distributed sensor nets 1. Get more signal with a bigger detector 2. Reduce the background 3. Make the source brighter Same source, 10 x less background (imaging or spectroscopic detector) Same source, same background, 30 times larger detector Source 10x brighter

  8. Revolution in Military Affairs Office of Net Assessments in the Office of the Secretary of Defense defines a Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA): “RMA is a major change in the nature of warfare brought about by the innovative application of new technologies which, combined with dramatic changes in military doctrine and operational and organizational concepts, fundamentally alters the character and conduct of military operations.”

  9. Revolution in Military Affairs

  10. From the laboratory to the field

  11. Revolution in technology & gamma spectroscopy “Electronics” for a 1964 gamma ray spectrometer “Output” device for 1964 gamma ray spectrometer 26,000 bytes in 1964 And an even more capable version today 32,000,000,000 bytes today And an even more capable version today

  12. Technology Deployments-DHS • CBP: 1468 RPMs; 1631 RIIDS; 19432 PRDs • 60 mRPMS or mobile systems • USCG:  6,065 PRDs; 922 Handheld RIIDs • 240 Wide-Area Search Backpacks (RADPACKs),  • 8 Advanced RIIDs, • 36 Handheld Radiation Monitors (HRMs), • 12 Linear Radiation Monitors (LRMs) • TSA-VIPR:  275 PRDs; 75 RIIDs; 50 Backpacks

  13. Support to S&L and Securing the Cities • DNDO provides technical assistance and program support to state and local rad/nuc detection efforts • Mobile Detection Deployment Units • Available for S&L • Each unit has 48 PRDs; 22 Backpack Systems; RSI700 Mobile Radiation Search Systems; 8 NaI RIIDs • Securing the Cities Program (NYC-region) • more than 5,800 pieces of detection equipment • trained nearly 11,000 personnel • conducted more than a hundred drills • There is a radiation portal monitor in Georgia, deployed to scan cargo trucks at a weigh station on Interstate 20.

  14. Next and Future Generation Technology 14 14

  15. Detecting, Identifying, Locating, Tracking Coded Aperture Image Radiation Image Range Data Compton Image Isotope ID Range = 25m Co-60 Overlay Color Codes • Threat – Red • Suspect – Yellow • Medical – Blue • Industrial – Purple • NORM – Green

  16. Intelligent Radiation Sensor System (IRSS) • Characterize the ability of a system of detectors to improve the detection, identification, and localization of threats as compared to the individual detectors • Characterize the relative importance of individual detector capabilities: NaI (2”x2”, 2”x1”), CZT (imaging and non-imaging), LaBr3 (RadSeeker) • Demonstrate search and monitoring capabilities across complex operational environments Reachback Center wireless mesh network detector node base station (optional) rad detector network device Detector PTU and Measured ‘Heat’ Map Indoor Measurement Campaign

  17. Conclusion • Radiation detection must be part of a broader nuclear security strategy • Architecture should be defined by overall strategy • Architecture options facilitated by technological developments • Revolutionary changes in detection have occurred in the past two decades • Need to reinforce these changes with new technology and craft an Architecture that takes advantage of these technological changes.

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