武汉大学图书馆测绘、遥感、电子信息学科馆员高建新 E-mail:jxgao@lib.whu

武汉大学图书馆测绘、遥感、电子信息学科馆员高 建新E-mail:jxgao@lib.whu.edu.cn 怎样写好英文摘要

怎样写好英文摘要——摘要如何能吸引SCI期刊的兴趣怎样写好英文摘要——摘要如何能吸引SCI期刊的兴趣 • 摘要的类型与基本内容 • 摘要撰写技巧 • 不同类型摘要举例 • SCI高被引论文摘要案例分析

摘要的类型与基本内容 • 根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要 • (1)报道性摘要(informative abstract)：也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要，其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常,这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文。 • (2)指示性摘要(indicative abstract)：也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要(topic abstract)，一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题，而不涉及论据和结论，多用于综述、会议报告等。该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文。 • (3)报道-指示性摘要(informative- indicative abstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分，以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。 • 传统的摘要多为一段式，在内容上大致包括引言(Introduction)，材料与方法(Materials and Methods)，结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion)等主要方面，即IMRAD((Introduction，Methods，Results and Discussion)结构的写作模式。

摘要 • 摘要主要讲述本论文的要点。 • 结论写完以后再写摘要. • 审稿人一般用15分钟看摘要和引言.如果第一印象不好,他/她会去寻找理由建议主编退稿. • 摘要的读者面比论文全文的读者面大得多。 • 不要用第一人称。

写摘要的顺序 • 第一句话：讲一下你这篇文章的研究意义（但是有的杂志不需要这句话） • 第二句话：以 To eluicdatie the mechanism..., To investigate.... ,或者for the purpose of ....开头来讲述你这样研究的目的。 • 第三句话：.... was carried out .... with ...treatment. 讲述你研究的内容，研究的方法。 • 第四句话： The resulted showed that ......, 讲述你这样研究得出的主要研究结果。 • 第五句话： The result of the present work implied that... 讲述由你的研究结果得出的结论。

报道性摘要案例 p21Cdk作用蛋白(又称Cip1)是G1细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶的强抑制剂该摘要首先简要介绍相关研究背景（第一句话），继而以不定式形式（to identif……）提出研究目的，并引带出研究方法（we have employed……），第三句话指出本研究的主要发现，最后一句话给结论（cotransfection experiments indicate that……）。全部摘要用词为113个（Cell要求其摘要的用词不超过150个），简明、清楚地表述了论文的全部主要内容。

指示性摘要案例 简评:这是一份专题评述(综述性论文)的摘要。第一句为相关背景知识的介绍,第二句是综述内容的说明（In this review……are summarized），并指出所评述对象的潜在应用(……possible therapeutic applications）

指示性摘要案例 该摘要介绍了相关研究背景（进展）并提出了作者的设想（Despite the remarkable……，we believe that……），摘要的第二句提出了支持作者设想的论证（Arguments to support this view are……），最后一句（This functional performs……）评价并说明论文所提出模型的贡献（functional相当于model）。本摘要在方括号（[ ]）中给出了前期相关工作的文献，注意该文献在文末参考文献中的列举是按其在正文中出现的顺序，与在摘要中是否出现无关。

论文结构式摘要案例 目的、设计、单位、对象、处置、主要结果测定、结果、结论等8个方面目的：研究的问题、目的或设想设计：研究的基本设计、样本选择、分组、诊断标准和随访情况单位：说明开展研究的单位（研究机构、大学、医疗机构）对象：研究对象（患者等）的数目、选择过程和条件等处置：处置方法的基本特征，使用何种方法以及持续的时间等主要结果测定：主要结果是如何测定、完成的结果：研究的主要发现（应给出确切的置信度和统计学显著检验值结论：主要结论及潜在的临床应用

结构式摘要案例 • Abstract:Context Patients experience the highest rate of death and recurrent ischemic events during the early period after an acute coronary syndrome, but it is not known whether early initiation of treatment with a statin can reduce the occurrence of these early events. • Objective To determine whether treatment with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, initiated 24 to 96 hours after an acute coronary syndrome, reduces death and nonfatal ischemic events. • Design and Setting A randomized, double-blind trial conducted from May 1997 to September 1999, with follow-up through 16 weeks at 122 clinical centers in Europe, North America, South Africa, and Australasia. • Patients A total of 3086 adults aged 18 years or older with unstable angina or non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. • Interventions Patients were stratified by center and randomly assigned to receive treatment with atorvastatin (80 mg/d) or matching placebo between 24 and 96 hours after hospital admission. • Main OutcomeMeasures Primary end point event defined as death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with resuscitation, or recurrent symptomatic myocardial ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization. • Results A primary end point event occurred in 228 patients (14.8%) in the atorvastatin group and 269 patients (17.4%) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.00; P = .048). There were no significant differences in risk of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or cardiac arrest between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group, although the atorvastatin group had a lower risk of symptomatic ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization (6.2% vs 8.4%; RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95; P = .02). Likewise, there were no significant differences between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group in the incidence of secondary outcomes of coronary revascularization procedures, worsening heart failure, or worsening angina, although there were fewer strokes in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (12 vs 24 events; P = .045). In the atorvastatin group, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level declined from 124 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L) to 72 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L). Abnormal liver transaminases (>3 times upper limit of normal) were more common in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (2.5% vs 0.6%; P < .001). • Conclusion For patients with acute coronary syndrome, lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, reduces recurrent ischemic events in the first 16 weeks, mostly recurrent symptomatic ischemia requiring rehospitalization.

结构式摘要的类型 • New England Journal of Medicine《新英格兰医学杂志》 Background背景, Methods方法, Results结果, Conclusions结论 • The Lancet《柳叶刀》 Background背景, Methods方法, Findings发现, Interpretation解释 • JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association《美国医学会志》 Context, Objective目的, Design设计, Setting单位, Patients对象, Interventions解释, Main Outcome Measures主要结果测定, Results结果, Conclusion结论

撰写技巧 • （1）包括论文IMRD 结构；可适当强调研究中的创新、重要之处（但不要使用评价性语言）; 尽量包括论文的主要论点和重要细节(重要的论证或数据) • （2）使用简短的句子, 用词应为潜在的读者所熟悉；注意表述的逻辑性, 尽量使用指示性的词语来表达论文的不同部分(层次) —如使用“研究表明…”(We found that…)表示结果; 使用“通过对...的分析，认为 …”(Based on…, we suggest that…)表示讨论结果的含义等

撰写技巧 • （3）确保摘要的“独立性”（stand on its own) 或“自明性”(self-contained): 尽量避免引用文献、图表和缩写；如果无法回避使用引文，应在引文出现位置将引文的书目信息标注在方括号内 • （4）为了方便检索系统检索，尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号 • （5）查询拟投稿期刊的作者指南，了解其对摘要的字数和形式的要求。如果是结构式摘要应分几段。使用什么标识、时态、是否使用缩写或简写。

摘要中常用的表达方法 案例要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文） • 引言部分 • （1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等 • （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语老表达 • （3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 • 方法部分 • （1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 • （2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等 • （3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等

摘要中常用的表达方法案例 • 结果部分 • （1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等 • （2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce,conclude等 • 讨论部分 • （1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe等 • （2）说明论证，常用词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等 • （3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,necessity,necessary,expect等。

摘要引言部分案例review 引言部分回顾研究背景常用词汇review

摘要引言部分案例词汇review • Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC • Title: THE NEURAL BASIS OF DRUG CRAVING - AN INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION • Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 《脑研究评论》荷兰SCI被引用1774 • We reviewevidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景

摘要引言部分案例summarize 引言部分回顾研究背景常用词汇summarize

高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇summarize • Author(s):Barnett, RM; Carone, CD;被引用1571 • Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physics • Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:《物理学评论，D辑》美国引言部分回顾研究背景常用词汇summarize Abstract:This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons.We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review.

摘要引言部分案例 attention 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有attention

SCI摘要方法部分案例　consider 介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有consider

高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇outline • Author(s): TIERNEY, LSCI引用728次 • Title: MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIORDISTRIBUTIONS引言部分回顾研究背景，常用词汇outline • Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994 • 《统计学纪事》美国 • Abstract:Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm. In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms.This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample size and allocation.

高被引摘要引言部分案例回顾研究背景present • Author(s): LYNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG SCI 被引用661 • Title: ANALYSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERS • Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994《分子生态学》英国 • Abstract:Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest. The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation.We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances.Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated.

高被引摘要引言部分案例词汇describe • Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR • Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER • Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993《普通精神病学纪要》美国 • 引言部分回顾研究背景，常用词汇describe 被引用926 • Abstract:In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts. Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively.We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory.Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment.

摘要引言部分案例 • （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim

高被引摘要引言部分案例attempt说明写作目的 • Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM • Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage • Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995 《美国统计学会志》被引用429次 • Abstract:We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data.We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. The thresholding is adaptive: A threshold level is assigned to each dyadic resolution level by the principle of minimizing the Stein unbiased estimate of risk (Sure) for threshold estimates. The computational effort of the overall procedure is order N.log(N) as a function of the sample size N. SureShrink is smoothness adaptive: If the unknown function contains jumps, then the reconstruction (essentially) does also; if the unknown function has a smooth piece, then the reconstruction is (essentially) as smooth as the mother wavelet will allow. The procedure is in a sense optimally smoothness adaptive: It is near minimax simultaneously over a whole interval of the Besov scale; the size of this interval depends on the choice of mother wavelet. We know from a previous paper by the authors that traditional smoothing methods-kernels, splines, and orthogonal series estimates-even with optimal choices of the smoothing parameter, would be unable to perform in a near-minimax way over many spaces in the Besov scale. Examples of SureShrink are given. The advantages of the method are particularly evident when the underlying function has jump discontinuities on a smooth background.

高被引摘要引言部分案例To investigate说明写作目的 • Author(s): OLTVAI, ZN; MILLIMAN, CL; KORSMEYER, SJ • Title: BCL-2 HETERODIMERIZES IN-VIVO WITH A CONSERVED HOMOLOG, BAX, THAT ACCELERATES PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH • Source: CELL, 74 (4): 609-619 AUG 27 1993被引用3233 • Abstract:Bcl-2 protein is able to repress a number of apoptotic death programs.To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. We identified an associated 21 kd protein partner, Bax, that has extensive amino acid homology with Bcl-2, focused within highly conserved domains I and II. Bax is encoded by six exons and demonstrates a complex pattern of alternative RNA splicing that predicts a 21 kd membrane (alpha) and two forms of cytosolic protein (beta and gamma). Bax homodimerizes and forms heterodimers with Bcl-2 in vivo. Overexpressed Bax accelerates apoptotic death induced by cytokine deprivation in an IL-3-dependent cell line. Overexpressed Bax also counters the death repressor activity of Bcl-2. These data suggest a model in which the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax determines survival or death following an apoptotic stimulus.

高被引摘要引言部分案例purposes说明写作目的 • Author(s): ROGERS, FJ; IGLESIAS, CA • Title: RADIATIVE ATOMIC ROSSELAND MEAN OPACITY TABLES • Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 79 (2): 507-568 APR 1992 《天体物理学杂志增刊》美国SCI被引用512 • Abstract:For more than two decades the astrophysics community has depended on opacity tables produced at Los Alamos. In the present work we offer new radiative Rosseland mean opacity tables calculated with the OPAL code developed independently at LLNL. We give extensive results for the recent Anders-Grevesse mixture which allow accurate interpolation in temperature, density, hydrogen mass fraction, as well as metal mass fraction. The tables are organized differently from previous work. Instead of rows and columns of constant temperature and density, we use temperature and follow tracks of constant R, where R = density/(temperature)3. The range of R and temperature are such as to cover typical stellar conditions from the interior through the envelope and the hotter atmospheres. Cool atmospheres are not considered since photoabsorption by molecules is neglected. Only radiative processes are taken into account so that electron conduction is not included.For comparison purposes we present some opacity tables for the Ross-Aller and Cox-Tabor metal abundances.Although in many regions the OPAL opacities are similar to previous work, large differences are reported. For example, factors of 2-3 opacity enhancements are found in stellar envelop conditions.

高被引摘要引言部分案例aim说明写作目的 • Author(s): EDVARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL; NISSEN, PE; TOMKIN, J • Title: THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS • Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993 《天文学与天体物理学》被引用934 • Abstract:With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived abundances of 0, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, Zr, Ba and Nd, as well as individual photometric ages, for 189 nearby field F and G disk dwarfs.The galactic orbital properties of all stars have been derived from accurate kinematic data, enabling estimates to be made of the distances from the galactic center of the stars‘ birthplaces. 结构式摘要 • Our extensive high resolution, high S/N, spectroscopic observations of carefully selected northern and southern stars provide accurate equivalent widths of up to 86 unblended absorption lines per star between 5000 and 9000 angstrom. The abundance analysis was made with greatly improved theoretical LTE model atmospheres. Through the inclusion of a great number of iron-peak element absorption lines the model fluxes reproduce the observed UV and visual fluxes with good accuracy. A new theoretical calibration of T(eff) as a function of Stromgren b - y for solar-type dwarfs has been established. The new models and T(eff) scale are shown to yield good agreement between photometric and spectroscopic measurements of effective temperatures and surface gravities, but the photometrically derived very high overall metallicities for the most metal rich stars are not supported by the spectroscopic analysis of weak spectral lines.

高被引摘要引言部分案例aim说明写作目的 • Author(s): PAYNE, MC; TETER, MP; ALLAN, DC; ARIAS, TA; JOANNOPOULOS, JD • Title: ITERATIVE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR ABINITIO TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS - MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AND CONJUGATE GRADIENTS • Source: REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, 64 (4): 1045-1097 OCT 1992 《现代物理学评论》美国 American Physical Society SCI被引用2654 • Abstract:This article describes recent technical developments that have made the total-energy pseudopotential the most powerful ab initio quantum-mechanical modeling method presently available. In addition to presenting technical details of the pseudopotential method, the article aims to heighten awareness of the capabilities of the method in order to stimulate its application to as wide a range of problems in as many scientific disciplines as possible.

高被引摘要引言部分案例 includes介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 • Author(s): MARCHESINI, G; WEBBER, BR; ABBIENDI, G; KNOWLES, IG; SEYMOUR, MH; STANCO, L • Title: HERWIG 5.1 - A MONTE-CARLO EVENT GENERATOR FOR SIMULATING HADRON EMISSION REACTIONS WITH INTERFERING GLUONSSCI被引用955次 • Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 67 (3): 465-508 JAN 1992:《计算机物理学通讯》荷兰 Elsevier • Abstract:HERWIG is a general-purpose particle-physics event generator, which includes the simulation of hard lepton-lepton, lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron scattering and soft hadron-hadron collisions in one package. It uses the parton-shower approach for initial-state and final-state QCD radiation, including colour coherence effects and azimuthal correlations both within and between jets.This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. This includes details of the input and control parameters used by the program, and the output data provided by it. Sample output from a typical simulation is given and annotated.

高被引摘要引言部分案例 presents介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 • Author(s): IDSO, KE; IDSO, SB • Title: PLANT-RESPONSES TO ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT IN THE FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS - A REVIEW OF THE PAST 10 YEARS RESEARCH • Source: AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 69 (3-4): 153-203 JUL 1994 《农业和林业气象学》荷兰 Elsevier 被引用225 • Abstract:This paper presents a detailed analysis of several hundred plant carbon exchange rate (CER) and dry weight (DW) responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment determined over the past 10 years. It demonstrates that the percentage increase in plant growth produced by raising the air's CO2 content is generally not reduced by less than optimal levels of light, water or soil nutrients, nor by high temperatures, salinity or gaseous air pollution. More often than not, in fact, the data show the relative growth-enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment to be greatest when resource limitations and environmental stresses are most severe.

高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasizing高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasizing • Author(s): BESAG, J; GREEN, P; HIGDON, D; MENGERSEN, K • Title: BAYESIAN COMPUTATION AND STOCHASTIC-SYSTEMS • Source: STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 10 (1): 3-41 FEB 1995《统计科学》美国 • SCI被引用296次 • Abstract:Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been used extensively in statistical physics over the last 40 years, in spatial statistics for the past 20 and in Bayesian image analysis over the last decade. In the last five years, MCMC has been introduced into significance testing, general Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation.This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the Bayesian paradigm, conditional probability and the intimate relationship with Markov random fields in spatial statistics.Hastings algorithms are discussed, including Gibbs, Metropolis and some other variations. Pairwise difference priors are described and are used subsequently in three Bayesian applications, in each of which there is a pronounced spatial or temporal aspect to the modeling. The examples involve logistic regression in the presence of unobserved covariates and ordinal factors; the analysis of agricultural field experiments, with adjustment for fertility gradients; and processing of low-resolution medical images obtained by a gamma camera. Additional methodological issues arise in each of these applications and in the Appendices. The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of posterior probabilities and concurs with others in its view that MCMC facilitates a fundamental breakthrough in applied Bayesian modeling.

高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focuses高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focuses • Author(s): HUNT, KJ; SBARBARO, D; ZBIKOWSKI, R; GAWTHROP, PJ • Title: NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CONTROL-SYSTEMS - A SURVEY • Source: AUTOMATICA, 28 (6): 1083-1112 NOV 1992《自动学》荷兰 Elsevier • SCI被引用427次 • Abstract:This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks in the realm of modelling, identification and control of nonlinear systems.The basic ideas and techniques of artificial neural networks are presented in language and notation familiar to control engineers. Applications of a variety of neural network architectures in control are surveyed. We explore the links between the fields of control science and neural networks in a unified presentation and identify key areas for future research.

高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focus高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focus • Author(s): Stuiver, M; Reimer, PJ; Bard, E; Beck, JW; • Title: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP • Source: RADIOCARBON, 40 (3): 1041-1083 1998《放射性碳》美国SCI被引用2131次 • Abstract:The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000-0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment.The C-14 age-cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Delta(14)C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured C-14 ages and the errors therein, regional C-14 age differences, tree-coral C-14 age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs. single-year C-14 results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000-11,000 cal sp interval, are reflected in the Delta(14)C values of INTCAL98.

高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasis高被引摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasis • Author(s): LEBRETON, JD; BURNHAM, KP; CLOBERT, J; ANDERSON, DR • Title: MODELING SURVIVAL AND TESTING BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES USING MARKED ANIMALS - A UNIFIED APPROACH WITH CASE-STUDIES • Source: ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS, 62 (1): 67-118 MAR 1992《生态学论丛》美国 • Abstract:The understanding of the dynamics of animal populations and of related ecological and evolutionary issues frequently depends on a direct analysis of life history parameters. For instance, examination of trade-offs between reproduction and survival usually rely on individually marked animals, for which the exact time of death is most often unknown, because marked individuals cannot be followed closely through time. Thus, the quantitative analysis of survival studies and experiments must be based on capture-recapture (or resighting) models which consider, besides the parameters of primary interest, recapture or resighting rates that are nuisance parameters.结构式摘要 • This paper synthesizes, using a common framework, these recent developments together with new ones, with an emphasis on flexibility in modeling, model selection, and the analysis of multiple data sets.The effects on survival and capture rates of time, age, and categorical variables characterizing the individuals (e.g., sex) can be considered, as well as interactions between such effects. This "analysis of variance" philosophy emphasizes the structure of the survival and capture process rather than the technical characteristics of any particular model. The flexible array of models encompassed in this synthesis uses a common notation. As a result of the great level of flexibility and relevance achieved, the focus is changed from fitting a particular model to model building and model selection.

SCI摘要方法部分案例 • 方法部分 • （1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test， study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 • （2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等 • （3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等

高被引摘要方法部分案例 discusses介绍研究或试验过程 • Author(s): LIANG, KY; ZEGER, SL; QAQISH, B • Title: MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION-ANALYSES FOR CATEGORICAL-DATA • Source: JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-METHODOLOGICAL, 54 (1): 3-40 1992《皇家统计学会志，B辑：统计方法论》SCI被引用298 • Abstract:It is common to observe a vector of discrete and/or continuous responses in scientific problems where the objective is to characterize the dependence of each response on explanatory variables and to account for the association between the outcomes. The response vector can comprise repeated observations on one variable, as in longitudinal studies or genetic studies of families, or can include observations for different variables.This paper discusses a class of models for the marginal expectations of each response and for pairwise associations.The marginal models are contrasted with log-linear models. Two generalized estimating equation approaches are compared for parameter estimation. The first focuses on the regression parameters; the second simultaneously estimates the regression and association parameters. The robustness and efficiency of each is discussed. The methods are illustrated with analyses of two data sets from public health research

高被引摘要方法部分案例介绍研究或试验过程examines高被引摘要方法部分案例介绍研究或试验过程examines • Author(s): Huo, QS; Margolese, DI; Stucky, GD • Title: Surfactant control of phases in the synthesis of mesoporous silica-based materials Source: 《材料的化学性质》, 8 (5): 1147-1160 MAY 1996 • Abstract:The low-temperature formation of liquid-crystal-like arrays made up of molecular complexes formed between molecular inorganic species and amphiphilic organic molecules is a convenient approach for the synthesis of mesostructure materials.This paper examines how the molecular shapes of covalent organosilanes, quaternary ammonium surfactants, and mixed surfactants in various reaction conditions can be used to synthesize silica-based mesophase configurations, MCM-41 (2d hexagonal, p6m), MCM-48 (cubic Ia3d), MCM-50 (lamellar), SBA-1 (cubic Pm3n), SBA-2 (3d hexagonal P6(3)/mmc), and SBA-3 (hexagonal p6m from acidic synthesis media). The structural function of surfactants in mesophase formation can to a first approximation be related to that of classical surfactants in water or other solvents with parallel roles for organic additives. The effective surfactant ion pair packing parameter, g = V/alpha(0)l, remains a useful molecular structure-directing index to characterize the geometry of the mesophase products, and phase transitions may be viewed as a variation of g in the liquid-crystal-Like solid phase. Solvent and cosolvent structure direction can be effectively used by varying polarity, hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and functionalizing the surfactant molecule, for example with hydroxy group or variable charge. Surfactants and synthesis conditions can be chosen and controlled to obtain predicted silica-based mesophase products. A room-temperature synthesis of the bicontinuous cubic phase, MCM-48, is presented. A low-temperature (100 degrees C) and low-pH (7-10) treatment approach that can be used to give MCM-41 with high-quality, large pores (up to 60 Angstrom), and pore volumes as large as 1.6 cm(3)/g is described.

高被引摘要方法部分案例介绍研究或试验过程estimates高被引摘要方法部分案例介绍研究或试验过程estimates • Author(s): KESSLER, RC; MCGONAGLE, KA; ZHAO, SY; NELSON, CB; HUGHES, M; ESHLEMAN, S; WITTCHEN, HU; KENDLER, KS • Title: LIFETIME AND 12-MONTH PREVALENCE OF DSM-III-R PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS IN THE UNITED-STATES - RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL-COMORBIDITY-SURVEY • Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 51 (1): 8-19 JAN 1994 • 《普通精神病学纪要》美国SCI被引用4350次 • Abstract:Background: This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey,the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States. Methods: The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Nearly 50% of

高被引摘要方法部分案例说明研究或试验方法measure高被引摘要方法部分案例说明研究或试验方法measure • Author(s): Schlegel, DJ; Finkbeiner, DP; Davis, M • Title: Maps of dust infrared emission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic microwave background radiation foregrounds • Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 500 (2): 525-553 Part 1 JUN 20 1998SCI被引用2972 次《天体物理学杂志》美国 • The primary use of these maps is likely to be as a new estimator of Galactic extinction.To calibrate our maps, we assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 mu m emission.We find consistent calibration using the B-R color distribution of a sample of the 106 brightest cluster ellipticals, as well as a sample of 384 ellipticals with B-V and Mg line strength measurements. For the latter sample, we use the correlation of intrinsic B-V versus Mg, index to tighten the power of the test greatly. We demonstrate that the new maps are twice as accurate as the older Burstein-Heiles reddening estimates in regions of low and moderate reddening.

高被引摘要结果部分案例介绍应用、用途application高被引摘要结果部分案例介绍应用、用途application • Author(s): MALLAT, S; ZHONG, S • Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNALS FROM MULTISCALE EDGES • Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, 14 (7): 710-732 JUL 1992 • SCI被引用508次《IEEE模式分析与机器智能汇刊》美国 • Abstract:A multiscale Canny edge detection is equivalent to finding the local maxima of a wavelet transform. We study the properties of multiscale edges through the wavelet theory. For pattern recognition, one often needs to discriminate different types of edges. We show that the evolution of wavelet local maxima across scales characterize the local shape of irregular structures. Numerical descriptors of edge types are derived. The completeness of a multiscale edge representation is also studied. We describe an algorithm that reconstructs a close approximation of 1-D and 2-D signals from their multiscale edges. For images, the reconstruction errors are below our visual sensitivity.As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30.

高被引摘要结果部分案例介绍应用、用途apply • Author(s): BELL, AJ; SEJNOWSKI, TJ • Title: AN INFORMATION MAXIMIZATION APPROACH TO BLIND SEPARATION AND BLIND DECONVOLUTION • Source: NEURAL COMPUTATION, 7 (6): 1129-1159 NOV 1995 • SCI被引用923 《神经计算》美国 • Abstract:We derive a new self-organizing learning algorithm that maximizes the information transferred in a network of nonlinear units. The algorithm does not assume any knowledge of the input distributions, and is defined here for the zero-noise limit. Under these conditions, information maximization has extra properties not found in the linear case (Linsker 1989). The nonlinearities in the transfer function are able to pick up higher-order moments of the input distributions and perform something akin to true redundancy reduction between units in the output representation. This enables the network to separate statistically independent components in the inputs: a higher-order generalization of principal components analysis.We apply the network to the source separation (or cocktail party) problem, successfully separating unknown mixtures of up to 10 speakers.We also show that a variant on the network architecture is able to perform blind deconvolution (cancellation of unknown echoes and reverberation in a speech signal). Finally, we derive dependencies of information transfer on time delays. We suggest that information maximization provides a unifying framework for problems in ''blind'' signal processing.

高被引摘要结果部分案例 介绍结论summary • Author(s): SJOSTRAND, T • Title: HIGH-ENERGY-PHYSICS EVENT GENERATION WITH PYTHIA-5.7 AND JETSET-7.4 • Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 82 (1): 74-89 AUG 1994 • SCI被引用1735《计算机物理学通讯》荷兰 • Abstract:PYTHIA and JETSETare the two main components of the ''Lund Monte Carlo'' program suite. They can be used to generate high-energy-physics ''events'', i.e. sets of outgoing particles produced in the interactions between two incoming particles. Ideally these events should have the same average behaviour and the same fluctuations as real data. The underlying physics is not understood well enough to give an exact description, the programs therefore contain a combination of analytical results and various models. Several event classes are considered, within and beyond the standard model.We give a summary of the main physics component of the current versions, PYTHIA 5.7 and JETSET 7.4: hard-scattering matrix elements, parton distributions, initial- and final-state radiation, multiple interactions, beam remnants. fragmentation and decays.A brief outline is also given of some programming aspects. A detailed physics description and manual is available as a separate publication

高被引摘要结果部分案例展示研究结果present • Author(s): Perdew, JP; Burke, K; Ernzerhof, M • Title: Generalized gradient approximation made simple • Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 77 (18): 3865-3868 OCT 28 1996《物理评论快报》美国 • SCI被引用4810 • Abstract:Generalized gradient approximations (GGA's) for the exchange-correlation energy improve upon the local spin density (LSD) description of atoms, molecules, and solids.We present a simple derivation of a simple GGA, in which all parameters (other than those in LSD) are fundamental constants.Only general features of the detailed construction underlying the Perdew-Wang 1991 (PW91) GGA are invoked. Improvements over PW91 include an accurate description of the linear response of the uniform electron gas, correct behavior under uniform scaling, and a smoother potential.

高被引摘要讨论部分案例 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点present • Author(s): CORNELL, WD; CIEPLAK, P; BAYLY, CI; GOULD, IR; Title: A 2ND GENERATION FORCE-FIELD FOR THE SIMULATION OF PROTEINS, NUCLEIC-ACIDS, AND ORGANIC-MOLECULES • Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 117 (19): 5179-5197 MAY 17 1995被引用3354 《美国化学会志》 • Abstract:We present the derivation of a new molecular mechanical force field for simulating the structures, conformational energies, and interaction energies of proteins, nucleic acids, and many related organic molecules in condensed phases.This effective two-body force field is the successor to the Weiner et al, force field and was developed with some of the same philosophies, such as the use of a simple diagonal potential function and electrostatic potential fit atom centered charges. The need for a 10-12 function for representing hydrogen bonds is no longer necessary due to the improved performance of the new charge model and new van der Waals parameters. These new charges are determined using a 6-31G basis set and restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) fitting and have been shown to reproduce interaction energies, free energies of solvation, and

高被引摘要讨论部分案例陈述论文的论点和作者的观点 suggest • Author(s): KELCE, WR; STONE, CR; LAWS, SC; GRAY, LE; • Title: PERSISTENT DDT METABOLITE P,P'-DDE IS A POTENT ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST • Source: NATURE, 375 (6532): 581-585 JUN 15 1995《自然》英国 • SCI被引用650 • Abstract:THE increase in the number of reports of abnormalities in male sex development in wildlife and humans coincided with the introduction of 'oestrogenic' chemicals such as DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) into the environment, Although these phenotypic alterations are thought to be mediated by the oestrogen receptor, they are also consistent with inhibition of androgen receptor-mediated events, Here we report that the major and persistent DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), has little ability to bind the oestrogen receptor, but inhibits androgen binding to the androgen receptor, androgen-induced transcriptional activity, and androgen action in developing, pubertal and adult male rats,The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p,p'-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor

高被引摘要讨论部分案例陈述论文的论点和作者的观点expect高被引摘要讨论部分案例陈述论文的论点和作者的观点expect • Author(s): EDVARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL; Title: THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSIS AND RESULTSSCI被引用934 《天文学与天体物理学》法国 • Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993 • Individual ages were derived from fits in the T(eff) - log g plane of these somewhat evolved dwarfs to isochrones by VandenBerg (1985).We expect the uncertainties in the relative ages to be about 25%, although the absolute errors may be larger. • Distances, proper motions and radial velocities were translated to galactic U, V and W velocity components which in turn were independently used by M. Grenon and J. Sommer-Larsen to calculate stellar orbital parameters, which agree within 5%. Following Grenon, the mean galactocentric distances were used as estimates of stellar birth places to investigate abundance gradients in the disk at different epochs

高被引摘要讨论部分案例推荐和建议 suggest • Author(s): BELL, AJ; SEJNOWSKI, TJ • Title: AN INFORMATION MAXIMIZATION APPROACH TO BLIND SEPARATION AND BLIND DECONVOLUTION SCI被引用929 • Source: NEURAL COMPUTATION, 7 (6): 1129-1159 NOV 1995《神经计算》美国 • Abstract:We derive a new self-organizing learning algorithm that maximizes the information transferred in a network of nonlinear units. The algorithm does not assume any knowledge of the input distributions, and is defined here for the zero-noise limit. Under these conditions, information maximization has extra properties not found in the linear case (Linsker 1989). The nonlinearities in the transfer function are able to pick up higher-order moments of the input distributions and perform something akin to true redundancy reduction between units in the output representation. This enables the network to separate statistically independent components in the inputs: a higher-order generalization of principal components analysis. We apply the network to the source separation (or cocktail party) problem, successfully separating unknown mixtures of up to 10 speakers. We also show that a variant on the network architecture is able to perform blind deconvolution (cancellation of unknown echoes and reverberation in a speech signal). Finally, we derive dependencies of information transfer on time delays. We suggest that information maximization provides a unifying framework for problems in ''blind'' signal processing.

高被引摘要讨论部分案例推荐和建议 suggest • Author(s): HAWKINS, JD; CATALANO, RF; MILLER, JY • Title: RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUG PROBLEMS IN ADOLESCENCE AND EARLY ADULTHOOD - IMPLICATIONS FOR SUBSTANCE-ABUSE PREVENTION • Source: PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN, 112 (1): 64-105 JUL 1992《心理学通报》美国 SCI被引用1131 • Abstract:The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach.This approach requires the identification of risk factors for drug abuse, identification of methods by which risk factors have been effectively addressed, and application of these methods to appropriate high-risk and general population samples in controlled studies. The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice.

武汉大学图书馆测绘、遥感、电子信息学科馆员高建新 E-mail:jxgao@lib.whu