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The Circulatory System

The Circulatory System. The Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Types. The Closed Circulatory System. Humans have a closed circulatory system , typical of all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.

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The Circulatory System

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  1. The Circulatory System The Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Types

  2. The Closed Circulatory System • Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical of all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. • The heart pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs. • Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.

  3. The Cardiovascular System • Three Major Elements – Heart, Blood Vessels, & Blood • 1. The Heart- cardiac muscle tissue • highly interconnected cells • four chambers • Right atrium • Right ventricle • Left atrium • Left ventricle

  4. Pathway of the blood Superior Vena Cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Lungs Pulmonary Vein Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve Aorta To the bodies organs & cells

  5. Circuits • Pulmonary circuit • The blood pathway between the right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart. • Systemic circuit • The pathway between the left and right sides of the heart.

  6. The Cardiovascular System 2. Blood Vessels -A network of tubes • Arteriesarterioles move away from the heart • Elastic Fibers • Circular Smooth Muscle • Capillaries – where gas exchange takes place. • One cell thick • Serves the Respiratory System • VeinsVenules moves towards the heart • Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood back from legs • One way values • When they break - varicose veins form

  7. The Cardiovascular System 3. The Blood • Plasma Liquid portion of the blood. Contains clotting factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients and waste

  8. The Cardiovascular System • The Blood B. Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells • Carry hemoglobin and oxygen. Do not have a nucleus and live only about 120 days. • Can not repair themselves.

  9. The Cardiovascular System • The Blood C. Leukocytes – White Blood cells • Fight infection and are formed in the bone marrow • Five types – neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes.

  10. The Cardiovascular System The Blood • D. Thrombocytes – Platelets. • These are cell fragment that are formed in the bone marrow from magakaryocytes. • Clot Blood by sticking together – via protein fibers called fibrin.

  11. Disorders of the Circulatory System • Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count • Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing anemia • Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of fibrinogen in thrombocytes • Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by valve problems • Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become blocked with plaque, also called myocardial infarction

  12. Unit 9 – The Heart Cardiovascular System The Heart

  13. Functions of the Heart • Generating blood pressure • Routing blood • Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations • Ensuring one-way blood flow • Heart valves ensure one-way flow • Regulating blood supply • Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

  14. Size, Shape, Location of the Heart • Size of a closed fist • Shape • Apex: Blunt rounded point of cone • Base: Flat part at opposite of end of cone • Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum

  15. Heart Cross Section

  16. Pericardium

  17. Heart Wall • Three layers of tissue • Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart • Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting • Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

  18. Heart Wall

  19. External Anatomy • Four chambers • 2 atria • 2 ventricles • Auricles • Major veins • Superior vena cava • Pulmonary veins • Major arteries • Aorta • Pulmonary trunk

  20. External Anatomy

  21. Coronary Circulation

  22. Heart Valves • Atrioventricular • Tricuspid • Bicuspid or mitral • Semilunar • Aortic • Pulmonary • Prevent blood from flowing back

  23. Heart Valves

  24. Function of the Heart Valves

  25. Blood Flow Through Heart

  26. Systemic and PulmonaryCirculation

  27. Heart Skeleton • Consists of plate of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles • Fibrous rings around valves to support • Serves as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles • Provides site for muscle attachment

  28. Cardiac Muscle • Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei • Contains actin and myosin myofilaments • Intercalated disks: Specialized cell-cell contacts • Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions allow action potentials • Electrically, cardiac muscle behaves as single unit

  29. Conducting System of Heart

  30. Electrical Properties • Resting membrane potential (RMP) present • Action potentials • Rapid depolarization followed by rapid, partial early repolarization. Prolonged period of slow repolarization which is plateau phase and a rapid final repolarization phase • Voltage-gated channels

  31. Action Potentials inSkeletal and Cardiac Muscle

  32. SA Node Action Potential

  33. Refractory Period • Absolute: Cardiac muscle cell completely insensitive to further stimulation • Relative: Cell exhibits reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation • Long refractory period prevents tetanic contractions

  34. Electrocardiogram • Action potentials through myocardium during cardiac cycle produces electric currents than can be measured • Pattern • P wave • Atria depolarization • QRS complex • Ventricle depolarization • Atria repolarization • T wave: • Ventricle repolarization

  35. Cardiac Arrhythmias • Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm • Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm • Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration • Premature atrial contractions: Occasional shortened intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people

  36. Alterations in Electrocardiogram

  37. Cardiac Cycle • Heart is two pumps that work together, right and left half • Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers • Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of higher to lower pressure. • Contraction of heart produces the pressure

  38. Cardiac Cycle

  39. Events during Cardiac Cycle

  40. Heart Sounds • First heart sound or “lubb” • Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole • Second heart sound or “dupp” • Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer • Third heart sound (occasional) • Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first one-third of diastole

  41. Location of Heart Valves

  42. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) • Average blood pressure in aorta • MAP=CO x PR • CO is amount of blood pumped by heart per minute • CO=SV x HR • SV: Stroke volume of blood pumped during each heart beat • HR: Heart rate or number of times heart beats per minute • Cardiac reserve: Difference between CO at rest and maximum CO • PR is total resistance against which blood must be pumped

  43. Factors Affecting MAP

  44. Regulation of the Heart • Intrinsic regulation: Results from normal functional characteristics, not on neural or hormonal regulation • Starling’s law of the heart • Extrinsic regulation: Involves neural and hormonal control • Parasympathetic stimulation • Supplied by vagus nerve, decreases heart rate, acetylcholine secreted • Sympathetic stimulation • Supplied by cardiac nerves, increases heart rate and force of contraction, epinephrine and norepinephrine released

  45. Heart Homeostasis • Effect of blood pressure • Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure • Effect of pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen • Chemoreceptors monitor • Effect of extracellular ion concentration • Increase or decrease in extracellular K+ decreases heart rate • Effect of body temperature • Heart rate increases when body temperature increases, heart rate decreases when body temperature decreases

  46. Baroreceptor and ChemoreceptorReflexes

  47. Baroreceptor Reflex

  48. Chemoreceptor Reflex-pH

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