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Do Now:. Get a textbook and turn to page 221 Read section 9.1: Chemical Pathways Answer Questions 1-4 on page 225. Cellular Energy. DNA Test Re-takes. Thurs 1/21/16 after school, rm 303 Fri 1/22/16 after school, rm 303. 8.1: How Organisms Obtain Energy.

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  1. Do Now: Get a textbook and turn to page 221 Read section 9.1: Chemical Pathways Answer Questions 1-4 on page 225

  2. Cellular Energy

  3. DNA Test Re-takes Thurs 1/21/16 after school, rm 303 Fri 1/22/16 after school, rm 303

  4. 8.1: How Organisms Obtain Energy MAIN IDEA: All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes.

  5. Why do living things need energy?

  6. Metabolism • All of the chemical reactions in a cell • Metabolic pathway – product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction; like a chain reaction

  7. 2 Types of Metabolic Pathways • Catabolic – break down large molecules & release energy • Anabolic – use energy from catabolic to build larger molecules from smaller ones • Relationship between 2 pathways – continual energy flow

  8. Photosynthesis Anabolic Light energy (sun)  chemical energy Stores chemical energy in glucose Can be used by autotroph or consumed as food Cellular Respiration Catabolic Organic molecules broken down to release chemical energy Metabolic Pathways in an Ecosystem

  9. ATP: Unit of Cellular Energy • ATP = Adenosine triphosphate • Provides chemical energy for cells • Found in all living things • Most abundant energy molecule • Made of adenine base, ribose (sugar), and 3 phosphate groups

  10. ATP molecule

  11. ATP Function • ATP stores energy in bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups • When this bond is broken: • energy is released • forms a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group

  12. Do Now: Write the answers in your notebooks What is the difference between a heterotroph and an autotroph? Name an example of a catabolic reaction and an anabolic reaction

  13. Is a Venus flytrap an autotroph or a heterotroph? What would happen if we put an aquatic plant in the yellow solution that you exhaled CO2 into?

  14. 8.2: Photosynthesis MAIN IDEA: Light energy is trapped and converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

  15. Photosynthesis • Process by which autotrophs like plants (and some bacteria and green algae) make their own food • Takes place if organism has chlorophyll (green pigment) • Usually happens in leaves

  16. Photosynthesis cont. (don’t copy) • Anabolic reaction • Requires energy in form of sunlight • Uses water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight to make glucose

  17. What do plants need?

  18. Which are used in photosynthesis?

  19. Photosynthesis Equation sunlight Water + carbon dioxide oxygen + glucose sunlight 6H2O + 6CO2  6O2 + C6H12O6

  20. How do plants get what they need?

  21. Plant Structure and Photosynthesis • Plants get water from roots, transported to leaves by xylem • Stomata – “doorways” into leaves for gases • CO2 in and O2 out • Gases cannot pass through cuticle • Sunlight captured in chloroplasts in cells, which produce chlorophyll

  22. Xylem

  23. Stomata

  24. Stomata

  25. Chloroplast

  26. Why do plants need sugar (glucose)?

  27. Plants use glucose for… • Sugar gives plants energy • Starch (storage) gives consumers energy • Cellulose – provides structure • It can make some larger molecules plants need (like lipids and proteins)

  28. Photosynthesis Reactions • 2 main phases: • Light-dependent reactions • Light-independent reactions

  29. 2 Phases • Phase 1: Light-dependent reactions • Light needed • Occurs in thylakoids • Phase 2: Light-independent (Calvin Cycle) • Light not directly needed • Occurs in stroma

  30. Phase 1: Light Reactions • PURPOSE: Light energy  chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH • 1.Light absorbed by pigments (chlorophyll and accessory pigments) • 2. Water is split by light, oxygen released

  31. Light Reactions • 3. Electron transport chain: electrons from water go through chain to make NADPH • 4. Chemiosmosis: Hydrogen from water used to store energy in ATP

  32. Phase 2: Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): • PURPOSE: Energy from NADPH and ATP is stored in molecules of glucose • ATP and NADPH – only short-term energy storage • Glucose – stores energy for a long time

  33. Calvin Cycle • 1. Carbon dioxide used to start cycle • 2. Enzyme rubisco is used to convert carbon dioxide to glucose • 3. Glucose = long-term energy storage

  34. 8.3: Cellular Respiration MAIN IDEA: Living organisms obtain energy during cellular respiration.

  35. What do you remember…? • How do our bodies use our food for energy? • Is cellular respiration breathing? Explain.

  36. Cellular Respiration Overview • catabolic reaction • Occurs in mitochondria • Uses glucose and oxygen to make energy (ATP) • ALL organisms go through respiration- some aerobic (needs oxygen), some anaerobic (doesn’t need oxygen)

  37. Cellular Respiration Equation Glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 +6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy REVERSE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!!

  38. Mitochondria: “the powerhouse”

  39. Stages of Respiration • Glycolysis • Krebs cycle • Electron Transport

  40. 1st Stage: Glycolysis • Anaerobic • Occurs in cytoplasm • Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate • Makes 2 ATPs

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