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Political consciousness and political culture. Lecture 12(17). Brief contents:. 1. Essence political consciousness and ways of its formation. 2. Structure of political consciousness. Public opinion. . 1. Essence political consciousness and ways of its formation.
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Political consciousness and political culture Lecture 12(17)
Brief contents: 1. Essence political consciousness and ways of its formation. 2. Structure of political consciousness. Public opinion.
1. Essence political consciousness and ways of its formation. Consciousness typically refers to the idea of a being that is self-aware. It is a distinction often reserved for human beings. This remains the original and most common usage of the term. But a line of political and philosophical inquiry opened up which explores consciousness in terms of one's political state of mind. Following the work of George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx outlined the workings of a political consciousness.
In Marx's view, consciousness was always political, for it was always the outcome of politic-economic circumstances. What one thinks of life, power, and self, for Marx, is always a product of ideological forces. For Marx, ideologies appear to explain and justify the current distribution of wealth and power in a society.
The term “political culture” has been used for the first time by German philosopher-educator I.Gerder in XVIII century subsequently, especially in the end of XIX – XX centuries the given category was actively used by various scientific schools. Political culture has received deeper judgement in the work of American scientist of G.Almond“Comparative political systems” (1956).
«Political culture is set of individual positions and orientations of participants of the given political system … subjective sphere forming basis of political actions and attaching to their significance» (G.Almond and G.Powell) • «Political culture is historically generated system of obvious and latent models of political life which include values, norms, political institutes, and also samples and ways of political activity, and which are accepted (comprehension or non comprehension) by individuals and social groups» («Science about policy», Warsaw, 1988)
2. Structure of political consciousness. Public opinion • The mankind for century’s history has developed various types of political culture. Political scientists G.Almond and S.Werba allocate three «pure type» of political culture. • 1. Parochial political culture – where citizens are only remotely aware of the presence of central government, and live their lives near enough regardless of the decisions taken by the state. • 2. Subject political culture- where citizens are aware of central government, and are heavily subjected its decisions with little scope for dissent.
3. Participant political culture –citizens are able to influence the government in various ways and they are affected by it. In real historical process, according to views of Almond and Werba, there is a mixture of so-called pure types of political culture and formation of the mixed types: parochial-subject, subject-participant and parochial-participant cultures. • Besides, G.Almond and S.Werba is subdivided political cultures on till industrial, totalitarian, continental and Anglo-American.
Besides, allocate the "closed" and "open", fragmentary, integrated types of political culture. • 1. "Closed" type is differs by political isolation. Orientated on own political values and norms. It is develops in mode of political-cultural autonomy. It is accurately attached to own ethnic, religious (or ideological) and historical, social traditions. It is unreceptive to other systems of political norms and orientations.
2. "Open" type is susceptible to other culture experience. It has the rich political traditions corrected according to changing realities. It is develops in mode of constant self-reforming. It is differs by high dynamical political life, variety of political process and high level of sociopolitical mobility. It’s politically pragmatic and rational, and gravitates to liberally-democratic model of political culture.
3.Fragmentary political culture. Most clearly this type is observed in the society which has entered into a strip of instability, worrying transition period and social and economic «breaking». In the given type of political-cultural are reflected split of society, strong polarization of social groups which it consists, marginalization of societies.
Integrated type of political culture. Differs by presence of rather high degree of the political consent on basic questions of political system, prevalence of civil procedures in settling of disputes and conflicts, low level of political violence and high degree of variety of political life. • Totalitarian-authoritative model of political culture is characterized by priority of collectivist qualities of citizens over its individual qualities.
