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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. The Confederation & Constitution. We Won What NOW? . . . . Issues that need to be resolved? Fight for Separation of Church & state Slavery (Quakers in Philadelphia founded 1 st antislavery society 1775)

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 The Confederation & Constitution

  2. We Won What NOW? . . . . • Issues that need to be resolved? • Fight for Separation of Church & state • Slavery (Quakers in Philadelphia founded 1st antislavery society 1775) • Women – “Republican motherhood”: keepers of the nations conscience (held the future in their hands)

  3. What are other states doing from 1776-1782 • Setting up own constitutions which include: • Bill of Rights • Annual election for legislators • Many created weak executive & judicial branches • State capitols formed • Own currency • Own Laws Hmmmm . . . . .this doesn’t sound like unification

  4. Economically • Loyalists land was seized • English goods stopped being shipped to America = Strengthened American made products • America still remained Agriculturalist & now could trade with any nation • Example: Empress of China (New England merchant chip went to parts of Asia & Europe • BUT . . . .inflation was rampant & taxes were hated, rich had become poor and newly rich was viewed with suspicion (disrespect of private property) SO we need help don’t we . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .

  5. 1st Government: Articles of Confederation • Problems: The Articles of Confederation (1777) • No executive branch • Each state had one vote in congress, regardless of population • Amendment process required unanimity, passage of bills required 2/3 majority vote • Congress had no power to regulate commerce and could not enforce tax collection • No mention of court system

  6. Why is this Bad? • Example: 1783 Pennsylvania soldiers made a threatening demonstration in front of Indep. Hall demanding back pay for serving in the military • Congress demanded help from the state of PA but . . . . .it sent NO men so . . . . .they fled to New Jersey for “Safety”

  7. Landmarks in Land Laws • Land Ordinance of 1785 – How will the new Ohio River Valley land be Split Up? • Idea: land would be sold to pay off the national debt (back then we thought debt was bad ) • Process – land would be surveyed, then divided into townships (6 sq mile), then that would be divided into 36 sq sections (1 sq mile) with one set aside for Public Schools

  8. Northwest Ordinance 1787 – How will new states be made once people move out there? • Solution: Two Stages • 1st – When a territory reached 60,000 inhabitants • 2nd – Wrote a new state constitution and have Congress approve it

  9. So how well are those Articles working? . . . . . . • Shays Rebellion: Western MA 1786 • Shy was a veteran Captain during the Revolutionary War • Reason for the Rebellion: - Impoverished backcountry farmers (many were Rev. veterans) were loosing their farms due to mortgage foreclosures & inability to pay their taxes • Demands & changes – States issue paper money, lighten taxes, & suspend property takeovers • Results: Shay was caught & sentenced to death (later he was pardoned) but scary right? . . . . . . . .

  10. The Constitution – May 1787 • All states met except (RI) 55 men in all • Decision – Totally scrap the Articles & start over • 1st Step Create a Bicameral Legislation (How) • The Great Compromise: • New Jersey Plan – Represented small states have equal representation (2 per state) = Senate • Virginia Plan – Rep. Large states this would be based on population = House of Representatives (All tax Bills start in the House)

  11. Also . . . . • Strong Independent Executive Branch w/ president (Commander in Chief) • Enacted the Electoral College that would elect the President of the United States (Representative Democracy) • Created a Judicial System (Federal, State, Local) • Checks & Balances – each Branch of Government could keep an eye on the other and avoid to much power • 3/5 Compromise – a slave could count as 3/5 of a person (1807 – Congress Banished the slave trade)

  12. Constitution Continued. . . . . • Chief Justices in the Supreme Court were appointed for life • Senators elected by state legislators (not people) • Sep 17, 1787 They were Finished 42 men remained to sign the document

  13. Upon leaving . . . . . • “Well Doctor Franklin, what have we got, a republic or a monarchy” a woman replied • Franklin ~ “A republic if you can keep it.”

  14. Jefferson versus the Nation • Letter, Thomas Jefferson to James Madison regarding the Constitution • Likes • Separation of powers • Checks and balances • Lower house representation • Dislikes • No Bill of Rights • No executive term limit • Necessity of rebellion • Government will be virtuous as long as society is agricultural = large cities corrupt

  15. Federalists vs. Antifederalists • Federalists (Hamilton, John Jay, Washington, Madison • Propertied, cultured people  educated, business men • Lived mostly on seaboard (tidewater) • Many were former Loyalists from the Revolution • Strong Govt. is good • Antifederalists (Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, George Clinton) • Residents of backcountry  ill-educated, poor farmers • Debtors  feared strong government would enforce payments • States’ rights supporters  strong govt. would oppose rights of citizens

  16. Constitution finally passed June 21, 1788 But we are not finished with this document to be continued . .

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