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Marine Producers

Marine Producers. Look at the following slides. Do you see any primary producers?. IOC training Funding opportunity for training course Go to the link ». IOC training Funding opportunity for training course Go to the link ». IOC training

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Marine Producers

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  1. Marine Producers

  2. Look at the following slides. Do you see any primary producers?

  3. IOC training Funding opportunity for training courseGo to the link » IOC training Funding opportunity for training courseGo to the link » IOC training Funding opportunity for training courseGo to the link » Move Move Move

  4. What is Primary Production • Primary Productivity…production of organic matter by: • chemosynthesis- make sugars using H2S (hydrogen Sulfide) or CH4 (methane) • 2. photosynthesis- make sugars using light

  5. Importance to Food Web • Sun’s energy (or chemical energy) is transformed and available to other organisms through the food web • Primary production is base of food chain • Other organisms need energy for: • Heat • Reproduction • Feeding • Metabolism

  6. Other Benefits of Primary Production • Oxygen • More than ½ of the oxygen we breathe comes from photosynthetic marine producers • Shelter and nursery habitat • Baby fish and inverts can hide among roots of marine plants in estuaries and bays • Filtration of water • Marine plant roots trap particles and pollution preventing it from entering oceans • Soil stability • Roots hold soil and sand in place and prevent erosion n

  7. Nurseries and filtration of water

  8. Nurseries and filtration of water

  9. Nurseries and filtration of water mass.gov

  10. Where does primary productivity happen? List 2 general locations… http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/image_archive.cgi?c=CHLOROPHYLL

  11. Requirements for Photosynthesis • Light • Pigments harness light energy in photosynthetic reactions to convert CO2 into glucose. • Light is found in upper several hundred meters • Nutrients and trace metals • Nutrients and trace metals like iron are limiting • Needed to make new plant tissue and do photosynthesis • Nutrients are replaced by upwelling. Iron is replenished by upwelling and atmospheric deposits

  12. A major Saharan dust plume event, November 1988wyrdscience.wordpress.com

  13. Types of Marine Producers 1. Marine Bacteria 2. Protists Phytoplankton Macroalgae 3. Marine Plants

  14. Marine Bacteria • Responsible for 30-50 % of marine primary productivity • First life on the planet with fossils as old as 3.8 my old

  15. Chemosynthetic Bacteria • Release energy stored in compounds like H2S , CH4 or NH3 • Base of the food web in places like hydrothermal vent communities and methane seep communities found in the deep ocean

  16. http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/chess/education/Images/Riftia_Lutz.jpghttp://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/chess/education/Images/Riftia_Lutz.jpg

  17. http://www.scienceinschool.org/2010/issue16/coldseeps

  18. Photosynthetic Bacteria • Contain chlorophyll like green plants and use light energy to make organic compounds • Cyanobacteria- blue green photosynthetic algae • First ps orgs on our planet • Played a role in accumulation of O in the atmosphere

  19. www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect20/A12.html

  20. Other Bacterial Roles • Bacteria carry out important roles as heterotrophs and decomposers • Ensure recycling of essential nutrients • Found everywhere in ocean from ocean surface to deep ocean sediments • Bacterial decomposition of dying plankton blooms linked to cloud formation and climate

  21. www.icm.csic.es/bio/images/mol3.jpg

  22. Marine Protists • Algae – (protists) groups of relatively simple living aquatic organisms that photosynthesize • Lack specialized tissue found in plants • unicellular algae “phytoplankton” • Single celled • macroalgae- “seaweed” • Multicellular

  23. Phytoplankton • Oil droplets and spines help keep phytoplankton afloat in sunlit areas of ocean • Oil is possible energy source for us! • Some have primitive eyespots for concentrating light • Many have cell walls

  24. Eye spots for concentrating light

  25. Dinoflagellates- Fire Algae • Some are bioluminescent • Two flagella for mobility • Zooxanthellae- specific symbiotic dinos that live with other animals like anemones, coral and giant clams • In coral they fix CO2 and help in forming coral skeleton

  26. Coccolithophores • Covered in plates of calcium carbonate • Shells cover large portion of ocean floor (1000’s of meters thick in some places) • Important in trapping carbon in the deep ocean • Do well in nutrient poor and low sunlight conditions • Produce DMS- a chemical linked to cloud formation

  27. staffwww.fullcoll.edu/.../coccolithophore.jpg http://www-ocean.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD5.2/s.apsteinii.html http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gif

  28. White Cliffs of Dover cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=74594&rendTypeId=4

  29. Diatoms • Cell walls made of silica • Glassy frustules deposit on ocean floor and cause thick deposits of diotomaceous ooze • Mined for human use • Important in open water primary productivity

  30. Harmful Algae Blooms • When nutrients are available or some physical conditions of the water are good algae can bloom out of control!!!! (you can see the blooms from space) • Eventually nutrients are used up and the algae die …decomposition uses up oxygen…can suffocate organisms in that habitat

  31. http://epod.usra.edu/archive/epodviewer.php3?oid=35104

  32. Example: Red Tides • Rapid increases of dinoflagellates • Some produce deadly neurotoxins • Neurotoxins build up in food chain and can cause illness/ death when animals eat contaminated flesh

  33. Seaweed • More complex than phytoplankton but still less complex than plants • Entire body of a seaweed is called the thallus • Three types of seaweeds based somewhat on pigment color • Chlorophyta- green • Rhodophyta-red • Phaeophyta-brown

  34. Blade: absorbs sunlight • Stipe: carries sugars from the blades to the rest of the plant • Holdfast: anchors the plant to rocks

  35. Types of Seaweeds Chlorophyta Phaeophyta Almost all marine Dominant on rocky coastlines Can take exposure to air Largest in size and most complex Forests of kelp seaweed are productive environments Gas filled floats • Mostly freshwater • Simplest • Similar to land plants

  36. NJ examples…

  37. Types of Seaweed • Rhodophyta • More species than other two groups combined • More simplified than brown group but variety of shapes and sizes • Wide tolerance of environmental conditions- shape varies in response

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