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26-1: Halocarbons, Alcohols and Ethers

26-1: Halocarbons, Alcohols and Ethers. Hydrocarbon Derivatives. Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms (like hydrocarbons), but contain additional atoms or groups of atoms

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26-1: Halocarbons, Alcohols and Ethers

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  1. 26-1: Halocarbons, Alcohols and Ethers

  2. Hydrocarbon Derivatives • Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms (like hydrocarbons), but contain additional atoms or groups of atoms • Functional group: an atom or group of atoms that has a characteristic behavior and is substituted into a hydrocarbon

  3. Halocarbons • Functional group: halogen (-X) • General formula: R-X (R is a hydrocarbon derivative) • Properties: • Nonpolar • Low b.p. • Insoluble in water; soluble in hydrocarbons • Examples: CFC’s, DDT, carbontetrachloride

  4. Naming Halocarbons • Name hydrocarbon first. • Add a prefix to signify number and name of halogen. Always give halogen the smallest number possible.

  5. Alcohols • Functional group: hydroxyl (-OH) • General formula: R-OH • Properties: • Small alcohols are polar, sol. in water • As size increases, polarity and solubility decreases • Higher boiling points, due to hydrogen bonding • 2 OH groups: diol • 3 OH groups: triol

  6. Naming Alcohols • Count longest chain that contains the –OH. • Add –ol to root name of hydrocarbon name. • Give a number for the placement of the –OH. • Name any branches as an alkyl group (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.) with a number and put in front.

  7. Ethers • Functional group: ether (-O-) • General formula: R-O-R • Properties: • Small ones are polar, soluble in water. • Boiling points are lower than alcohols, higher than hydrocarbons. • Uses: solvents; once used as an anesthetic

  8. Naming Ethers • Two method: • IUPAC • Look at hydrocarbon on either side of the “-O-”. Small one gets –oxy added to the root word. • Second (longer) one is named as a hydrocarbon.

  9. Naming Ethers • Common • Name each hydrocarbon as an alkyl group. • Write “ether” at the end.

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