AGROFORESTRY - EKONOMI HIJAU – PERUBAHAN IKLIM GLOBAL

1. BahanKajian MK. Pengelolaan SDALH AGROFORESTRY - EKONOMI HIJAU – PERUBAHAN IKLIM GLOBAL FOTO: smno.kampus.ub.jan2013

2. Green Economy What is the Green Economy? The “green economy” refers to economic sectors that are focused on environmental sustainability. The green economy seeks to address the interdependence of human economic development with the health of the natural ecosystem.

3. MANUSIA KHALIFAH DI MUKA BUMI ''Ingatlah ketika Tuhanmu berfirman kepada para Malaikat: ''Sesungguhnya Aku hendak menjadikan seorang khalifah di muka bumi.'' Mereka berkata: ''Mengapa Engkau hendak menjadikan (khalifah) di bumi itu orang yang akan membuat kerusakan padanya dan menumpahkan darah, padahal kami senantiasa bertasbih dengan memuji Engkau dan mensucikan Engkau?''. Tuhan berfirman: ''Sesungguhnya Aku mengetahui apa yang tidak kamu ketahui'‘ (Al-Baqarah:30)

4. TIGA PILAR KELESTARIAN BUMI

5. EKONOMI HIJAU vs. EKONOMI HITAM ‘The Black economy’: pembangunan ekonomi yang bertumpu pd bahan bakar fosil seperti batubara, minyak bumi dan gas alam. “The green economy” bertumpu pd pengetahuan ekologi-ekonomidengan tujuan menyelaraskan hubungan ekonomi-manusia dengan ekosistem- alam serta MINIMUM dampak negatif akibat kegiatan ekonomi terhadap lingkungan

6. Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that aims to address : the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems over time and space www.arch.wsu.edu/.../sustain/cs-hecol.htm

7. ANALISIS EKOLOGI-EKONOMI • Fokus issue: • Intergenerational equity, • Irreversibility of environmental change, • Uncertainty of long-term outcomes, • Sustainable development www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html

8. Nilai ekonomi dari natural-capital dan ecosystem-services sangat penting dalam ecological- economics. Ecological economists may begin by estimating how to maintain a stable environment before assessing the cost in dollar terms. www.environment.gov.au/.../report/overview.html

9. Tujuan utama Ecological-Economics (EE) : Mengimplementasikan pemikiran dan praktekekonomi kedlm realitabiofisik, sepertihukumtermodinamika dan sistembiologis.

10. SumbanganAgroforestrybagikesejahteraanmanusia : • the planetary endowment of scarce matter and energy, • the complex and biologically diverse ecosystems that provide goods and servicesdirectly to human communities: • micro- and macro-climate regulation, • water recycling, • water purification, • storm water regulation, • waste absorption, • food and medicine production, • pollination, • protection from solar and cosmic radiation, • the view of a starry night sky, etc.

11. AGROFORESTRY adalah: ……………… … intensive land management that optimizes the benefits (physical, biological, ecological, economic, social) arising from ……….. biophysical interactions created when trees and/or shrubs are deliberately combined with crops and/or livestock.

12. EmpatKategoriJasa-jasaSistemAgroforestry: • 1. Provisioning services • • food (including seafood and game), crops, wild foods, and spices • • water • • pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, and industrial products • • energy (hydropower, biomass fuels) • 2. Regulating services • • carbon sequestration and climate regulation • • waste decomposition and detoxification • • purification of water and • • crop pollination • pest and disease control • 3. Supporting services • • nutrient dispersal and cycling • • seed dispersal • Primary production • 4. Cultural services • • cultural, intellectual and spiritual inspiration • • recreational experiences (including ecotourism) • • scientific discovery

13. EnamMetodeUtamadalamValuasiJasa-jasaSistemAgroforestry: • Avoided cost • Services allow society to avoid costs that would have been incurred in the absence of those services (e.g. waste treatment by AGF habitats avoids health costs) • Replacement cost • Services could be replaced with man-made systems (e.g. restoration of the Catchmenrt Watershed cost less than the construction of a water purification plant) • Factor income • Services provide for the enhancement of incomes (e.g. improved water quality increases the commercial take of a fishery and improves the income of fishers) • Travel cost • Service demand may require travel, whose costs can reflect the implied value of the service (e.g. value of ecotourism experience is at least what a visitor is willing to pay to get there) • Hedonic pricing • Service demand may be reflected in the prices people will pay for associated goods (e.g. coastal housing prices exceed that of inland homes) • Contingent valuation • Service demand may be elicited by posing hypothetical scenarios that involve some valuation of alternatives (e.g. visitors willing to pay for increased access to national parks)

14. HASIL – HASIL AGROFORESTRY • Produces salable products • Provides value-added opportunities • Diversifies risk • Increases property values • Increases crop yields & livestock production • Eligible for cost-share & land rental payments

15. JASA-JASA AGROFORESTRY: • Improves water quality … SWM- Sustainable Water Management • Improves wildlife habitat • Increases recreational and hunting opportunities • Reduces noise, dust, & odors • More beautiful and pleasant place to work

16. Sustainable Water Management: SWM • SWM is based upon the principles , namely: • Freshwater is a finite and valuable resource that is essential to sustain life, the environment and development. • 2. The development and management of our water resources be based on a participatory approach, involving users, and policy makers at all levels. • Women play a central role in the provision, management and of water resources. • Water has an economic value and should therefore be seen as an economic good.

17. Water's vital role for the environment and humans is linked to five main functions : 1. Maintaining human health : clean water is essential for maintaining human health; 2. Maintaining environmental health: the health of aquatic ecosystems is essential for fish/seafood supply, is a major determinant of biodiversity, and provides for many other vital goods and services; 3. Supporting two production functions : a) biomass production, necessary for the supply of food, fuel wood and timber; and b) economic production, since industrial development has traditionally been "lubricated" by easy access to water; 4. Supporting two carrier functions : a) water plays an active role in diluting and transpiration wastes; and b) in the natural erosion and land processes of the global water cycle; 5. Psychological function, which makes water bodies, water views, fountains and so on fundamental components of human preferences and desires. Water also plays a role in many religions and cultural activities.

18. SUMBER AIR : HUJAN "Dan Yang menurunkan air dari langit menurut kadar (yang diperlukan) lalu Kami hidupkan dengan air itu negeri yang mati, seperti itulah kamu akan dikeluarkan (dari dalam kubur)." (Al Qur'an, 43:11) Diperkirakan dalam satu detik, sekitar 16 juta ton air menguap dari bumi. Angka ini menghasilkan 513 trilyun ton air per tahun. Angka ini ternyata sama dengan jumlah hujan yang jatuh ke bumi dalam satu tahun.

19. RAIN WATER Al A’raaf : 57. Dan Dialah yang meniupkan angin sebagai pembawa berita gembira sebelum kedatangan rahmat-Nya (hujan); hingga apabila angin itu telah membawa awan mendung, Kami halau ke suatu daerah yang tandus, lalu Kami turunkan hujan di daerah itu, maka Kami keluarkan dengan sebab hujan itu pelbagai macam buah-buahan. Seperti itulah Kami membangkitkan orang-orang yang telah mati, mudah-mudahan kamu mengambil pelajaran.   Al Furqoon : 50. Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah mempergilirkan hujan itu diantara manusia supaya mereka mengambil pelajaran (dari padanya); maka kebanyakan manusia itu tidak mau kecuali mengingkari (nikmat).

20. Green water is a very important resource for global food production. About 60% of the world staple food production relies on …  green water. The entire meat production from grazing relies on green water, and so does the production of wood from forestry. In drylands almost the entire food production depends on green water (the relative importance of irrigation is minor) and most of the industrial products, such as cotton, tobacco, wood, etc. Pengelolaan Air Hijau

22. BAGAIMANA MEMAKSIMUMKAN MANFAAT AIR HUJAN www.vito.be/.../RuimtelijkeMilieuaspecten/

23. Green water is ignored … by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it. www.fao.org/docrep/R4082E/r4082e03.htm

24. KREDIT AIR HIJAU Green water credits, however, are an opportunity to address this disparity while enhancing ecosystem services for both farmers and downstream stakeholders. The International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) is pioneering green water credits, which it describes as: A mechanism for direct payment to people in rural areas in return for water management activities which are presently un-recognized and unrewarded. Benefits to poor people drive this initiative which, at the same time, safeguards water resources and food security for everyone. With funding from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), ISRIC is developing a proof-of-concept project that creates financial incentives for farmers in the developing world to better manage green water.

25. KREDIT AIR HIJAU • ISRIC is taking three steps to implement green water credits: • 1. Quantification of the resource and how it can be optimized by land use and management; • 2.Valuation of its various uses and the costs of floods, sedimentation, and the diseases caused by a lack of clean water – enabling benefit cost analysis; • 3. An agreed mechanism to: • Specify optimum management and its water benefits;b. Negotiate a fair price;c. Establish that the work is done;d. Collect and pay credits.

26. MEMANEN HUJAN Rainwater harvesting is the gathering, or accumulating and storing, of rainwater. Rainwater harvesting has been used to provide drinking water, water for livestock, water for irrigation or to refill aquifers in a process called groundwater recharge. Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses, tents and local institutions, or from specially prepared areas of ground, can make an important contribution to drinking water.

27. Here, you do this. It involves trees! Here, you do this! It involves agriculture! Forestry Agriculture Agroforestry incorporates technology from agriculture and forestry. Both areas of expertise are needed, neither can be ignored if an agroforestry system is to provide the desired benefits.

28. We group agroforestry practices in five categories: Alley cropping, Silvopasture, Forest farming, Riparian forest buffers, and Windbreaks.

29. Alley Cropping Alley cropping systems provide a way to lower risk by diversifying production. In alley cropping an agricultural crop is grown simultaneously with a long-term tree crop to provide annual income while the tree crop matures. Fine quality hardwoods like walnut, pecan, and oak are preferred species, and can produce high-value lumber or veneer logs. When nut-bearing trees are used they can provide an intermediate product for sale. In addition to improving annual cash flow, these systems also protect annual crops, reduce soil erosion, and provide wildlife habitat. Most row crops and grains have been shown to grow well in an alley cropping system.

30. MANFAAT ALLEY CROPPING • Diversify farm enterprise • Reduce erosion • Improve water quality • Protect crops • Improve utilization of nutrients • Enhance wildlife habitat • Improve aesthetics • Store carbon

31. WaNuLCAS WaNuLCASmerupakansingkatandari: “Water, Nutrient and Light Captured in Agroforestry Systems”, …… model yang mensimulasikanpenggunaan air, haradancahayadalamsistemagroforestri.

32. Diagram model WaNuLCAS yang tersusunatas 3 komponen yang mempengaruhipertumbuhantanamanyaitu air, hara dan cahayadalamsistemagroforestri.

33. Bagaimana model mendefinisikan pola ruang?

34. Bagaimana model mendefinisikan pola temporal?

35. Mengujiperananakarpohonsebagai ‘jaringpenyelamathara’ Pengaruh total panjangakarterhadapefisiensipohondalammengurangipencucian N (fungsijaringpenyelamathara) padaberbagaijumlahcurahhujan.

36. Proses yang terjadidalamsistemagroforestri HasilsimulasiWaNuLCASuntuksistembudidayapagar, (1) pencucian N (g m -2), (2) pertumbuhan perakaran (total panjang akar) jagung di tanah lapisan atas (cm cm -3), (3) kebutuhan N jagung, dan (4) kebutuhan N pohon.

37. Produksitanamansemusim dan hasilpangkasan pada sistimbudidaya pagar

38. InteraksiantaratanamantahunandengantanamansemusimpadasistemagroforestriInteraksiantaratanamantahunandengantanamansemusimpadasistemagroforestri (a = naungan; b = kompetisiakan air danhara; c = daungugur (seresah). Pohonbergunadalammenambah C tanahdanharalainnyasertasebagai "jaringpenyelamat" hara yang tercucikelapisanbawah (d = pohon berperakarandalam).

39. Bentuk–bentukkompetisi antartanaman: (A) spesies A secara langsungmenghambatpertumbuhan spesies B atausebaliknya, (B) interaksi tidak langsung yaitu dengan merubahlingkunganpertumbuhan, (C) interaksi tidak langsung yaitu dengan menstimulirpertumbuhanmusuh (hama+penyakit) bagitanaman

40. InteraksiPohon-Tanah-Tanaman Interaksipositif (a), netral (b dan c), negatif (d) antara komponenpenyusunagroforestri

41. AKAR POHON SEBAGAI PAKU BUMI Pemancanganakarpohondidalamtanah yang meununjukkanperananpentingliang yang terbentukdariakarpohon yang telahmati.

42. JenisPohon yang cocokdengan Tanah Kapur Acacia auriculiformis Albiziafalcataria Albizialebbek Anacardiumoccidentale Artocarpuscommunis Artocarpusheterophyllus Cassia siamea Ceibapetandra Dalbergialatifolia Gmelinaarborea Mangiferaindica Melaleucaspp Parkiaspeciosa Peronemacanescens Pithecellobiumlobatum Sterculiafoetida Swieteniamacrophylla Swieteniamahagoni

43. MANAGEMENT OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 1. Tree fallows 2. Alley cropping 3. Agro-silvo-pastoral 4. Shade trees 5. Windbreaks • RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY • Water • Carbon • Nitrogen • Soil pH, Ca, Mg, K and P

44. NERACA AIR DALAM SISTEM AGROFORESTRI Pg = CurahHujan Total Rs = Aliran Air Lateral It, = Intersepsi Pohon Ic = Intersepsi Tanaman Semusim Pt, = Hujan Lolos Tajuk Pohon Pc = Hujan Lolos Tajuk Tanaman Semusim Ft, = KecepatanInfiltrasidibawahPohon Fc, = KecepatanInfiltrasidibawahTanamanSemusim Rt = LimpasanPermukaandibawahPohon Rc = LimpasanPermukaandibawahTanamanSemusim Et = Evaporasi Tanah (daribawahpohon ) Ec = Evaporasi Tanah (daribawahtanamansemusim) qt, = Kadar Air Tanah (dibawahpohon) qc = Kadar Air Tanah (dibawahtanamansemusim) Tt = Transpirasi Pohon Tc = Transpirasi Tanaman Semusim Dt = DrainasidibawahPohon Dc = DrainasidibawahTanamanSemusim

45. Neraca air dalam model WaNuLCAS Infiltrasi, (2,3,4) Redistribusi air danlarutandalamprofiltanah, pengisiankembali air tanah (2) dandrainasiataupencuciankelebihan air daridasarprofiltanah, (5) Evaporasitanah, (6) Penyerapan air olehakarpohondantanaman semusim, (7) Kesetimbanganhydraulikmelaluiakarpohon, (8). Tanda (signal) kekeringan yang mempengaruhipembagian air kebatang/akar, (9) Aliranlarutanlewatjalanpintas (bypass flow)

46. Model Serapan air daritanah Siklus harian hitungan serapan air. Dalam sistem agroforestry

47. Sustainable AgroForest Management : SAM AgroForestmanagement is the branch of forestry concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects and with the essentially scientific and technical aspects, especially silviculture, protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for aesthetics, fish, recreation, urban values, water, wilderness, wildlife, wood products, agroforestgenetic resources and other agroforestresource values . Management can be based on conservation, economics, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of various species, cutting roads and pathways through agroforests, and preventing fire.

48. PengelolaanAgrohutani Lestari: • Yakniagrohutanyang sehatsecara EKOLOGI sertaproduktifsecaraekonomi. • Sustainable Agroforestmanagement (SAM) is the management of agroforestsaccording to the principles of sustainable development. • Sustainable agroforestmanagement uses very broad social, economic and environmental goals. • Sustainable Agroforestmanagement as: • The stewardship and use of agroforestsand agroforestlands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national, and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems.

49. Seven key elements of sustainable agroforestmanagement are: • Extent of agroforestresources • Biological diversity • AgroForesthealth and vitality • Productive functions and agroforestresources • Protective functions of agroforestresources • Socio-economic functions • Legal, policy and institutional framework.

50. Sustainable Agriculture Management (SAgM) Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities. Sustainable agriculture refers to agricultural production that can be maintained without harming the environment. www.umanitoba.ca/afs/ncle/ResearchProjects.html