Biochips

1. Biochips Presented by Anjan Kumar Singh Reg No. 0701224352

2. Overview • What is a Biochip? • Its first occurrence and the history behind its existence • What are its uses and applications? • Hurdles to overcome before the technology becomes popular • Who are the major researchers? • What is the estimated market for biochips?

3. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Introduction • Collection of miniaturized test sites of living entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size • A marriage between electronics and biology/medicine

4. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary In Brief • Bio + Chip = Biochip • Bio: stands for any biological entity eg: protein, DNA • Chip: a computer chip • Biochip: a mate between biological entity and a computer • Genome chips, Microarrays

5. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary The Idea behind Biochip • Biology • DNA was discovered in 1950 • The Watson and Creek model was developed in 1953 • Protein sequences, DNA sequences started getting discovered in 1980s • Electronics • Transistor was first invented in 1948 • In 1980s 100,000 to 1 million transistors • Brick wall due to size limitations

6. Biochips Energy supplier Function Position implantable external Passive Interaction capture Active • Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Types of Biochips Lab-on-chips

7. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Tracking device • Tracking and identification devices in animals around 1983 for monitoring fishery • Now widely used in monitoring pets and animals in zoos • Implanted under the skin of the animal with a unique ID number • Works on Radio Frequency Identification • Made of Reader and Transponder

8. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Transponder • The implantable biochip • Passive Biochip: No Batteries • Composed of • Microchip • Antenna coil • Tuning capacitor • Glass Capsule

9. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Transponder • Computer Chip: Stores the unique ID number

10. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Transponder • Antenna Coil: Primitive Radio antenna to receive and send signals

11. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Transponder • Tuning Capacitor: Charged by the small (1/1000 of Watt) signal sent by the reader

12. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Transponder • Glass Capsule: Made of biocompatible material such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air-tight) sealed, covered with Polypropylene polymer Glass Capsule

13. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Implant • Injected by a Hypodermic syringe beneath the skin • Usually behind the neck in cats and dogs

14. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Reader/Scanner • Transmits a small signal • Charges the tuning capacitor • ID number transmitted by the transponder

15. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Tracking device in Humans • Works on the same principles in general • Satellite will be able to track any human with the tracking biochip Tracking Request

16. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Social Concerns • Big Brother fear • Federal government has not legalized the implant of tracking biochips in humans • Mark of the Beast fear • What if the tracking biochip has the number 666?

17. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Different Biochips

18. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Biochip Manufacturing Figure: http://www.affymetrix.com/technology/manufacturing/index.affx

19. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Biochip Manufacturing Figure: http://www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,53861,00.html

20. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary DNA Biochips • DNA (Gene expression): • Human Genome Project started in 1990 to study genomes • Study of interactions of individual genes in an organism • Requires simultaneous study of genes • Requires High-throughput Figure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html

21. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Technical Challenges • Attachment of living entity with the silicon surface • Limitation of vision • Biocompatibility (Research done at National Tsing Hua University) • Reliability

22. Overcome challenges • More experiments • More funding by big foundations like NSF • Eg: Human Genome project: $3 billion

23. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Recently Past Market

24. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Global Market of Biochips

25. Introduction • History • Current • Technology • Challenges • Principal • Players • Market • Summary Summary • Biochips is a very broad field • Many different types of biochips • Biochips is going to set the new trend in Medicine • Still in research phase, but soon will be commercially used

26. Further Research • Biocompatibility: Not a lot of research is done in making the Ics biocompatible • Artificial proteins and DNA • More Tests need to be conducted to make it more reliable

27. Reference • Center of biological Microchips: http://www.biochip.ru/en • Affymetrix: http://www.affymetrix.com/index.affx • Agilent: http://www.chem.agilent.com/Scripts/PDS.asp?lPage=51 • http://www.av1611.org/666/biochip.html#Part3 • http://www.biotechinsights.com/pages/biopr.html

28. Questions ???