Soft Tissue Discovery in Dinosaur Fossils: A Revolutionary Revelation!

1. Sermons From Science -- July 2015科学布道-- 2015年7月 Sermons from Science is now published in both YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the website http://ChristCenterGospel.org. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all the glory. Pastor Chui http://ChristCenterGospel.org ckchui1@yahoo.com 12/19/2019 1

2. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 • On June 9, 2015 the vox.com has an article on the above subject by Joseph Stromberg. I now quote his article below: • “Dinosaur fossils, it was long thought, are simple objects. The fossilization process leaves the overall shape of a dinosaur's bones intact, but all the microscopic structures inside them — the blood cells, connective fibers, and other sorts of soft tissue — inevitably decay over time. • “But that view is changing — and it's possible that many ancient fossils may preserve more detail than meets the eye. The sort of biological tissue now being found in some fossils could tell us about dinosaur anatomy, behavior, and evolution in ways that weren't possible just a few years ago. 12/19/2019 2

3. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 A theropod claw fossil, in which microscopic structures resembling red blood cells were found. (Laurent Mekul) 12/19/2019 3

4. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 (Sergio Bertazzo) The photo above, from a new study published today in Nature Communicationsandled by Sergio Bertazzo of Imperial College London, shows an extremely zoomed-in view of a 75-million-year-old theropod claw, taken from the London Natural History Museum's collection. When researchers scraped tiny pieces off the fossil and looked at them under an electron microscope, they found tiny structures that look a lot like collagen fibers present in our own ligaments, tendons, and bones. 12/19/2019 4

5. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 In other dinosaur fossils, the researchers found features that resemble red blood cells. Tests showed that they have a similar chemical composition to the blood of an emu (a bird thought to be a relatively close relative to dinosaurs). (Bertazzo et. al. 2015) The idea that dinosaur fossils might harbor soft tissue first surfaced about a decade ago, when paleontologist Mary Schweitzer found evidence of blood cells preserved inside T. rex fossils. 12/19/2019 5

6. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 • “But what's so exciting about this new study is that the fossils used, unlike Schweitzer's, aren't particularly well-preserved. Susannah Maidment, one of the paleontologists who worked on the paper, called them "crap" specimens. If they have preserved soft tissue inside them, it could be a sign that thousands of other fossils in museum collections do too. 12/19/2019 6

7. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 • “How paleontologists found blood inside dinosaur fossils • “For hundreds of years, most paleontologists never considered that their fossils might preserve these sorts of microscopic soft-tissue features.It was assumed that the proteins and other molecules they're made of would deteriorate in just a few million years. 12/19/2019 7

8. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 • “What's more, looking inside them to confirm this would require that people damage the fossil, either by breaking it open or by dissolving the hard, mineralized outside, as Schweitzer did with her T. rex. "No right-thinking paleontologist would do what Mary did with her specimens," paleontologist Thomas Holtz told Smithsonian for a 2006 story on Schweitzer's discovery. "We don’t go to all this effort to dig this stuff out of the ground to then destroy it in acid." • “Soft tissue extracted from a T. rex fossil by Schweitzer appeared to contain blood cells. (Schweitzer et al., 2005/Science) 12/19/2019 8

9. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 • “Schweitzer did so after a veterinarian at a conference happened to see microscope slides of T. rex bone slices and observed that there were red blood cells inside it. But her claim remained controversial among paleontologists — even after her 2006 paper, which presented more thorough testing. 12/19/2019 9

10. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 12/19/2019 10

11. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 • “More recent chemical analysis has provided further evidence that the T. rex bones do indeed contain blood cells, and Schweitzer has since found soft tissue preserved inside an 80-million-year-old hadrosaur. It's still unclear exactly how this soft tissue is able to survive, but some hypothesize that iron molecules might bind to proteins in the tissue, making it more stable. • “This newest paper, conducted with weathered, run-of-the-mill fossils rather than pristine ones, suggests that this process might be the rule, not the exception. If so, these findings could be the first of many to come. 12/19/2019 11

12. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 • “Dinosaur blood and proteins could tell us about their behavior and evolution • “You can only learn so much about an organism from its bones. As much as we've discovered from the hundreds of thousands of dinosaur fossils excavated around the world, we're still debating whether dinosaurs were warm- or cold-blooded and how many of them had feathers. 12/19/2019 12

13. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 • “Peering inside these dinosaurs' bones — to look at their blood cells, connective tissue, and other microscopic features — could dramatically improve our understanding of their biology as a whole. The structure of their blood cells, for instance, could hint at their behavior and physiology in ways that their bones simply can't. 12/19/2019 13

14. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 12/19/2019 14

15. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 • “The new information might also help scientists better understand evolutionary relationships between species. In the study, researchers found that the proteins inside the collagen-like fibers are well-preserved, with the specific sequence of amino acids that they're built from largely intact. Amino acid sequences in proteins gradually evolve over time and vary from species to species, somewhat like DNA — so analyzing them in dinosaurs could lead to better knowledge about the evolutionary relationships between them and other species, like birds. 12/19/2019 15

16. Scientists just found soft tissue inside a dinosaur fossil 科学家发现软组织在恐龙化石内 • “But there's one thing we can't do with this soft tissue: extract dinosaur DNA and make Jurassic Park a reality. Compared with collagen fibers and red blood cells, DNA is much, much smaller and more fragile. • “Perhaps DNA could also be more readily preserved than thought. But scientists currently estimate that it has a half-life of just 521 years, and dinosaurs largely died off 65 million years ago.” • Thank God for the reporting in Vox.com. 12/19/2019 16

17. Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝 12/19/2019 17

18. Sermons From Science -- July 2015科学布道-- 2015年7月 Sermons from Science is now published in both YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the website http://ChristCenterGospel.org. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all the glory. Pastor Chui http://ChristCenterGospel.org ckchui1@yahoo.com 12/19/2019 18

19. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • The Answers In Genesis website published an article written by Dr. Elizabeth Mitchell on June 11, 2015. I now quote the article below: • “News Sources • Washington Post: “Newly Discovered ‘Missing Link’ Shows How Humans Could Evolve from Single-Celled Organisms” • BBC News: “Newly Found Microbe Is Close Relative of Complex Life” • “Single-celled organisms called Lokiarchaeota are making headlines as missing links in our supposed single-celled ancestry. A small fraction of their genes resemble those normally associated with more complex cells. Some claim this discovery clinches the case for archaeans, rather than bacteria, as our closest single-celled ancestor. 12/19/2019 19

20. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ This is Loki’s Castle, a group of five active hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Greenland and Norway, 7,717 feet deep. Hydrothermal vents host ecosystems inhabited by unusual microorganisms that can survive in extreme conditions. Fragmentary DNA of the newly discovered Lokiarchaeota was found about 9 ½ miles away in a core sample of mud 10,771 feet deep in the undersea rift valley. Image by R.B. Pedersen/Centre for Geobiology, Bergen, Norway, reproduced from NPR. View larger image. 12/19/2019 20

21. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • ““Loki” is short for the genus Lokiarchaeum and its phylum Lokiarchaeota. The organisms were identified in frigid sediment sampled near the mid-Atlantic Ridge, 1½ miles deep in the Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Norway, about 9½ miles from the hydrothermal vent known as Loki’s Castle. Like Loki—a mercurial character from Norse mythology—Lokiarchaeota are difficult to pin down, having never been cultured. The Lokiarchaeum composite genome was pieced together from genetic components of the sparse cells found in the sediment. And like the mythological Loki, they held some surprises. 12/19/2019 21

22. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ 12/19/2019 22

23. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Eukaryotic Mystery • “From people to protozoans, millions of organisms are made of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are powered by mitochondria, wrap their DNA in a nuclear membrane, and have many intracellular organelles. Evolutionary scientists believe eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes—single-celled organisms without nuclei, mitochondria, or other organelles. They confidently believe this despite distinctive differences and the unbridgeable chasm in their complexity. Evolutionists have however long debated whichprokaryotes evolved into us. The team that discovered Lokiarchaeota notes, “The origin of the eukaryotic cell remains one of the most contentious puzzles in modern biology.” 12/19/2019 23

24. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • There are two sorts of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea. Like bacteria, archaea lack nuclei and intracellular organelles such as mitochondria. Both have circular DNA, and neither processes information in the same way as eukaryotic cells. Initially thought to be bacteria, archaea are genetically different enough to be considered a separate group of prokaryotes. 12/19/2019 24

25. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Archaeans endure some of the harshest conditions on earth, including extreme temperatures. However, like some bacteria they are difficult to identify and culture in the laboratory. Many microbes, including some that secretly share our world and our bodies, have only been identified from a study of their genetic fragments—they have never been grown in a culture dish to be studied in detail. Likewise, our newest putative cousin Loki is known only from genomes pieced together by computer. Scientists reconstructed one nearly complete plausible genome and two partial ones from genetic material isolated from the mud in core samples. 12/19/2019 25

26. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Cousin Loki? • “When we started to have a more in-depth look at the genes of this new Loki genome, we found that something was strange about it quite early on,” says lead investigator Thijs Ettema of Sweden’s Uppsala University, describing the team’s observations. Although Lokiarchaeota lack eukaryotic essentials like mitochondria, Ettema’s team “found genes that were much more like eukaryotes” and confirmed by observing their linkage to other uniquely archaean genes that they were not eukaryotic contaminants. 12/19/2019 26

27. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Cousin Loki? • “When we started to have a more in-depth look at the genes of this new Loki genome, we found that something was strange about it quite early on,” says lead investigator Thijs Ettema of Sweden’s Uppsala University, describing the team’s observations. Although Lokiarchaeota lack eukaryotic essentials like mitochondria, Ettema’s team “found genes that were much more like eukaryotes” and confirmed by observing their linkage to other uniquely archaean genes that they were not eukaryotic contaminants. 12/19/2019 27

28. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Veering from observations into the realm of worldview-based evolutionary conclusions, Ettema explains, “The implication is that these genomic tools were present in the lost [sic] common ancestor, and it had this genomic starter kit that helped eukaryotes become complex. Some 2 billion years ago, we took a right turn, and Loki's ancestors took a left. Loki remained in these sediments, and it never made it into a complex organism. Instead it specialized in living in these deeply buried sediments.”3 Evolutionists think such common designs are necessarily the result of either common ancestry or convergent evolution rather than a Common Designer. Accordingly Ettema adds, “We'd like to obtain more genomes of more distant cousins, and some of those might actually be closer to us or to the common ancestor than Loki is. We could maybe start to get gradual buildup, to build a road map of the journey from single-celled life towards cellular complexity.” 12/19/2019 28

29. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Like those of many archaeans, Loki’s protein-coding genes include many (about 29%) that are similar to those in bacteria and many (about 26%) that are unique to archaeans. Nearly one-third are not similar to any known protein.5 But about 3% of the genes, though surrounded by clearly archaean genes, resemble the eukaryotic genes that produce the contractile protein actin, proteins that participate in intracellular transport, or proteins that enable membranes to engulf things.6 Scientists don’t know how these genes function in Lokiarchaeota because they’ve never observed them. Nevertheless they maintain that, equipped with such genes, some intrepid archaean ancestor like Loki could have taken the first step to becoming a eukaryote. 12/19/2019 29

30. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “One Small Step, One Giant Leap? • “Only eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, little powerhouses that generate a lot of energy. Many evolutionists cling to the notion that eukaryotes evolved mitochondria by assimilating bacteria—a process called endosymbiosis. While endosymbiosis is an observable symbiosis in which a microorganism lives inside its host, endosymbiosis cannot bridge the evolutionary gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, despite its popularity among evolutionists.7 12/19/2019 30

31. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Mitochondria have their own supply of DNA, but some of the DNA required for their function is also located in cellular nuclei. The evolutionary endosymbiosis tale cannot steer around this irreducible complexity. Mitochondria depend on proteins coded for by genes already present in their cells’ nuclei. Yet such necessary nuclear genes would have no evolutionary reason to exist in an ancestral prokaryote before the mitochondria evolved, and the mitochondria could not function without them. (Read more about problems with the notion of endosymbiosis in eukaryote evolution in “‘Non-evolution of the Appearance of Mitochondria and Plastids in Eukaryotes: Challenges to Endosymbiotic Theory.”) Nevertheless, evolutionary scientists like Ettema believe Loki’s ancestors answered this critical gap in evolutionary dogma. 12/19/2019 31

32. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Clinch the Case? • “The acquisition of mitochondria really got things started,” explains Ettema. “The genes we find in Loki provide some pointers.” He says, “In Loki we also find genes that are related to those that encode actin proteins. Although we don't know what they do in Loki, we can infer that the last common ancestor had these genes.”8 Believing that discovery of genes that could presumably have equipped a prokaryote for endosymbiotic evolution into a eukaryote, Ettema declares, “Archaea and eukaryotes are sister groups, sharing a common ancestor.”9 12/19/2019 32

33. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Ecstatic about the discovery that Lokiarchaeota might be equipped to use their membranes to engulf things, Eugene Koonin of NIH’s National Center for Biotechnology Information commented, “These findings clinch the case for the origin of eukaryotes from within the archaeal diversity and point to a specific part of the archaeal evolutionary tree where eukaryotes belong. Equally important, Lokiarchaeota combine a number of ‘eukaryotic-like’ features that previously have been found scattered among different archaeal genomes. Taken together, these findings give credence to the evolutionary scenario in which the eukaryotes evolved from an archaeon with a complex cellular organization that might have been capable of engulfing bacteria.”10 12/19/2019 33

34. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • ““Humans have always been interested in trying to find an answer to the question, ‘Where do we come from?’” Ettema says. “Well, now we know from what type of microbial ancestor we descend. . . . Essentially, Lokiarchaeota represent a missing piece of the puzzle of the evolution from simple cells—bacteria and archaea, prokaryotes—to complex cells—eukaryotes, which includes us humans.”11 12/19/2019 34

35. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Even though, as University College London’s Nick Lane explains, Lokiarchaeota “lack the large genome and energy-producing mitochondria of true eukaryotic cells” and are only “a thousandth of the way towards the complexity of a eukaryote,”12 evolutionary scientists contend Loki’s phylum represents a missing link, one small step in the evolution of increasingly complex life-forms, illustrating a mechanism by which such evolution could occur. 12/19/2019 35

36. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Testable Toolkit? • The evolutionary authors of “Evolution: Steps on the Road to Eukaryotes,” a news-and-views article in Nature, agree that Lokiarchaeota have the toolkit that could enable ancient archaea to evolve into a more eukaryotic-like organism. They also assert that the methodology used to compare Lokiarchaeota to eukaryotes “provides a powerful toolkit for testing ideas about the origins of the component parts of eukaryotic cells,” adding that “the investigation of eukaryotic origins can now enter the realm of testable science.”13 12/19/2019 36

37. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “But how can that be? Can any scientist ever perform a test to objectively show the evolutionary origin of a life-form that supposedly sprang into being 2 billion years ago? No. Claims that life evolved from non-living matter through natural processes 4 billion years ago and later into more complex eukaryotes are riddled with worldview-based assumptions and are completely untestable and unobservable. Such vast ages are themselves presumptions grounded in circular reasoning, as is the unverifiable notion that organisms can acquire new information to evolve into more complex organisms. Such a process has never been observed in the laboratory. Eukaryotes do not even process information in the same way as prokaryotes, and evolution of one from the other would demand a complete and virtually simultaneous re-working of the entire organism and its numerous complex, interdependent systems. 12/19/2019 37

38. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Common Designer, Our Creator Jesus Christ • “So what should we make of a few similarities amidst a sea of differences, such as those eukaryotic-like genes in a prokaryotic organism? A few genetic similarities between very different kinds of organisms is not proof of common ancestry but rather is an example of common design such as we would expect from a Common Designer, the Creator God to whom all living things, even microbes, owe their origins. Neither archaea nor bacteria are the ancestors of eukaryotic cells or the many organisms, including human beings, composed of them. If Lokiarchaeota are eventually observed to have the ability to engulf material, that in no way demonstrates that an ancestral prokaryote evolved into a eukaryote by engulfing bacteria. Such an ability would not get around the many problems with evolutionary endosymbiotic claims. It would instead simply be an example of the biodiversity we find in the world God created. God supplied the information needed for the complex features found in each created kind of organism, be it microbe or man. 12/19/2019 38

39. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “Ettema says humans want to know where we come from. But we will never discover our origins in the genomes of prokaryotes. The speculative claims of evolutionary origins remain not only unverifiable but outside the realm of plausibility based on experimental biology. Despite evolutionary claims, living things only come from living things, and living things—whether plants, animals, or microorganisms—reproduce and vary only within their created kinds. Microorganisms fulfill many important roles in our world, and some even live inside other organisms and interact with them. (Read about a great example of this in “Just Endosymbiosis”!) But this does not mean they are on the road to becoming a new kind of organism or reveal any way to overcome the difficulties inherent in the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution. 12/19/2019 39

40. Does “Loki” Show How Humans Evolved from Single-Celled Organisms?难道“洛基”显示人类如何从单细胞生物进化而来？ • “God’s eyewitness account of our origins in the Bible’s book of Genesis are, however, consistent with observable science. We can trust what the Bible tells us about our past, our present, and our future: the creation of a very good world about 6,000 years ago, the deterioration of many things in this world in the wake of man’s sin, and the saving grace available for life now and forever through the Lord Jesus Christ, through whom the world was created (Colossians 1:16–17) and by whom our salvation was purchased (John 3:16–18).” •  Thank God for the contribution of Dr. Mitchell. 12/19/2019 40

41. Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝 12/19/2019 41

42. Sermons From Science -- July 2015科学布道-- 2015年7月 Sermons from Science is now published in both YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the website http://ChristCenterGospel.org. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all the glory. Pastor Chui http://ChristCenterGospel.org ckchui1@yahoo.com 12/19/2019 42

43. Jurassic World Movie Review侏罗纪世界电影评论 • The Answers In Genesis website published an article written by Frost Smith and Troy Lacey on June 12, 2015. I now quote their article below: • “Introduction • “Jurassic World is being released in North America today, although several of the Answers in Genesis content team were able to attend a pre-release last night. Based on Michael Crichton’s novels, the most famous of which is the 1990 bestseller Jurassic Park, this movie is not a screen adaptation. Although Crichton died in 2008, his legacy and ideas have lingered, primarily because of the success of the movie version of Jurassic Park, which helped spawn two more movies, one based on his Lost World novel. This new screenplay, suspected to be the beginning of a new trilogy, did leave room for sequels, as will be discussed. 12/19/2019 43

44. Jurassic World Movie Review侏罗纪世界电影评论 12/19/2019 44

45. Jurassic World Movie Review侏罗纪世界电影评论 • “Overview • “The movie opens to a closeup of a dinosaur foot tearing open an egg in what is, perhaps ironically, called the Hammond Creation Lab, but without the aid of Hammond, who has apparently died in the interim between the failure of Jurassic Park in 1992 and the movie’s Jurassic World theme park opening in 2005. In a bait-and-switch technique meant to surprise the moviegoer and subtly reinforce dino-to-bird evolution, the next scene shows a similar-looking foot stomp heavily into snow. The camera pans up to reveal a bird somewhere considerably north of where the dinosaurs are hatching in Jurassic World, which lies on Isla Nublar near Costa Rica. Young Grey and older brother Zach are snowbirds heading there to meet their Aunt Claire, who is the park operations manager, for the thrill of their young lives. 12/19/2019 45

46. Jurassic World Movie Review侏罗纪世界电影评论 • “The park has enlisted many security measures and has been operating safely for 10 years, but investors, including military, have been pushing park officials to test the boundaries. • Upon arrival, Claire is busily working with investors to unveil the newest monstrosity the genetic engineers at Jurassic World have been working on that is “bigger, louder and with more teeth.” Thus, Claire is unable to accompany her nephews on their tour, enlisting instead her assistant to “babysit.” Indominus rex, hereafter called I. rex, lives up to its name as the “most fearsome dinosaur ever to be displayed at Jurassic World”1—except the park isn’t quite ready to introduce her to the public yet, and in fact, the financier Masrani requested raptor-whisperer Owen Grady to ensure the paddock and display area are safe for visitors. I. rex has other ideas apparently. Clearly intelligent and violent, I. rex requires special containment, as the raptors do. 12/19/2019 46

47. Jurassic World Movie Review侏罗纪世界电影评论 • “In an unbelievable (and one could say almost human) display of intellect and abilities, I. rex does manage to escape, devouring a few park employees in the process. Owen’s keen understanding of similar behavior in raptors makes him uniquely suited to the position of helping the park keep the visitors safe. His suggestions are often ignored for more conservative measures that would keep an oblivious crowd and investors from ever hearing of such a breach, causing the attempts of park security to be woefully inadequate, such as using stun guns and nets in the first attempt, resulting in the most violent scene in the movie. 12/19/2019 47

48. Jurassic World Movie Review侏罗纪世界电影评论 • “The movie then launches into a “perfect storm” of sorts where everything that can go wrong does, much like in Jurassic Park, but without the invocation of Chaos Theory that Ian Malcolm predicted in the original novel. In fact, the movie itself is generous with references back to the original movie. In a close parallel with Jurassic Park, it is now Claire and the park manager’s nephews, rather than Hammond and his grandchildren, that are somehow always in harm’s way, with Owen Grady suggesting that their problems are due to seeing these thinking, feeling, and hungry animals as “assets.” Perhaps that is why Claire and Owen stop and spend time mourning the last few moments of an Apatosaurus victim of I. rex’s rampage while on the way to rescue the nephews out on their own in a bulletproof but not quite dinosaur-proof gyroball. 12/19/2019 48

49. Jurassic World Movie Review侏罗纪世界电影评论 • “The children do eventually make it back through their own ingenuity (and a few more “suspend disbelief” mechanisms). Concurrently, more aggressive orchestrated dinosaur containment measures are employed and result in failure, including a breach of the aviary that sends Pteranodons and Dimorphodons fleeing in terror toward the still-unsuspecting park visitors. Upon seeing the panicking crowd, apparently the flying reptiles switch from flight to feed and begin attacking the visitors. The park’s security quickly contains this relatively small threat compared to what’s coming. 12/19/2019 49

50. Jurassic World Movie Review侏罗纪世界电影评论 • “It becomes obvious that drastic and objectionable measures need to be taken to stop I. rex’s continual march toward park guests, spurred by its thermal sensory and camouflage abilities, despite the several-mile distance and tropical climate, which would seem to negate these abilities. Trained Velicoraptors are brought in to hunt I. rex, resulting in even greater catastrophe but buys enough time to get the park visitors to safety. In the climax, T. rex is employed as well, and for those curious as to how I. rex compares, it could be likened to a heavyweight vs. a middleweight boxer. Trying to keep spoilers to a minimum, we’ll say it’s a super-heavyweight that wins the match. The survivors of the fight, including a raptor and Owen, Claire, and the boys, walk away from each other in seeming mutual respect. Other survivors evacuated from the island include many of the park workers, such as the lab personnel and frozen dinosaur embryos of undisclosed variety. Most of the animals are assumed to be now open to survival of the fittest as at least some of the protected areas for herbivores had been breached by the I. rex and other carnivores are on the loose. 12/19/2019 50