Chapter 32: An Age of Limits

1. 32.1 The Nixon Administration -Read by 1/30 32.2 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall -Read by 2/3 32.3 The Ford and Carter Years -Read by 2/6 Iran and the Iranian Hostage Crisis -Readings will be posted online 2/11 32.4 Environmental Activism -Read by 2/13 “I am not a crook.” -Richard M. Nixon Chapter 32: An Age of Limits Unit Essential Questions What are the limits to Political Power? Who ultimately holds the power in a democracy?

2. 32.1 The Nixon Administration Essential Question: What domestic and foreign policy accomplishments did Richard Nixon achieve during his administration?

3. Key Terms • Richard M. Nixon • New Federalism • Revenue Sharing • Family Assistance Plan (FAP) • Southern Strategy • Stagflation • OPEC • Realpolitik • Détente • SALT I Treaty (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

4. Key Dates • 1968 Nixon Elected President • 1971- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. Of Ed. allows school bussing • 1971- Stagflation begins • February 1972- Nixon goes to China • May 1972- Nixon goes to Moscow • 1972- SALT I Treaty signed • 1973- Yom Kippur War • 1973-1974 OPEC Oil Embargo

5. Nixon’s New Conservatism • Goal was to move country in a more conservative direction • Decrease power and role of the federal gov. • Stop parts of the Great Society • New Federalism • Define: distribute power to local and State governments. • Done by revenue sharing. • Define: allowed state gov. to spend federal money as they saw fit. • 86 Billion by 1986

6. Legislative Battles • Congress was controlled by Democrats • First time since 1849 • Family Assistance Plan • Welfare reform meant to make welfare more efficient • Gave people an income of $1,600 • Passed House • Senate rejects Bill • Attacks from Left and Right • Increased spending on Medicaid, Medicare, Social Security and Food Stamps to earn Democratic Support • He impounded, or withheld, funds for many Government programs he disagreed with.

7. Law- and Order Politics • Nixon cracked down on far-left aspects of society • Used FBI and CIA to go after groups such as SDS and radical Civil Rights groups • Used IRS to target political foes • Nixon saw political opponents as personal foes • “anyone who opposes us we’ll destroy.” • VP Sipro T. Agnew- consistently attacked media and anti-war movement

8. The Southern Strategy • What political party do you associate with the South? • Republicans- Why? • Nixon wants to win re-election in 1972 begins to go after unhappy Southern Democrats. • To attract these voters Nixon: • Slowed integration of schools in the South- Supreme Court forced him to follow laws • 90% of southern schools integrated • In North Nixon opposed Bussing • Opposition to these integration efforts helped Nixon win over Southern Whites

9. Stagflation • Define- • Rising unemployment and inflation • Caused in part by Deficit spending by Johnson (Great Society/ Vietnam) • International Competition from West Germany and Japan • Not enough jobs for all the women and Baby-Boomers entering the workforce • Dependency on Foreign Oil • OPEC controls production and price • During 1973 Yom Kippur War. US ally Israel against Egypt and Syria; OPEC starts Oil Embargo in response to US support for Israel. • Lasts from fall 1973 to March 1974- when trade resumed price had quadrupled

15. Nixon could do little to stop stagflation • Wanted to raise taxes and cut spending Congress would not pass plan • Turned to wage and price controls • Economic recession began • Nixon’s policies did not stop economic slide • Nixon always preferred foreign policy to domestic • How did Nixon earn his reputation in Foreign affairs? • Alger Hiss trial • Nixon earned reputation as hardline anti-communist • Used that to his advantage during his presidency

16. Kissinger and Realpolitik • Define: • German for realistic politics • More practical and flexible policy • Nation’s power more important that its Philosophy • Confront Powerful : Ignore weak • End of Containment • Sought to negotiate with Communist China and the Soviet Union • Détente • Define: • Nixon wanted to ease Cold War tensions b/t US and Soviets

17. Nixon in China and Moscow • February 1972 Nixon went to Communist China • Tried to exploit a rift b/t Soviet Union and China • Normalized relations with the Chinese • Strong anti-communist background convinced American public to support him • May 1972 Nixon travels to Moscow • Soviet Premier Brezhnev • Signed SALT I Treaty capping Nuclear weapons at 1972 levels • Coupled with the • end of Vietnam war these foreign Policy achievements helped Nixon win reelection in 1972

22. Quiz 32.1 • What was Nixon’s plan to allow state and local governments to spend federal money as they saw fit? • This war in the Middle East caused the Oil Embargo in 1973-74? • __________ is the Economic conditions with rising inflation and unemployment. • Nixon visited what country in February 1972? • What treaty was signed by Nixon in Moscow in 1972?