Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 Objective: Assess and evaluate the role of the Native American during the 18th century. Questions: -In what ways did NA’s envelop with the new colonies? -What role did NA’s play in the European conflict over new territories? -What impact will this participation have upon the Indian population?

3. Conditions after Invasion • Diffusion of Cultures marked this century • Trade relationships • Population Shifts for both sides • “Contest of Cultures” • Increasing violence between Indians & Europeans and Europeans v Europeans

4. Integration of Indians into Colonial Society • Indians used as workers and slaves • Role of slaves in colonies? • Role of missions and Catholicism? • Conditions of Spanish missions? • “Work and Religion” • European culture imposed

5. French/English Integration • Conditions/Location of French missions? • Assimilation with English • Economic interaction led to east coast tribes ending traditional lives. • Trade, skills bartered for. • Education in English School • Dartmouth, Harvard and other schools founded . Purpose for both sides? • Canasatego’s thoughts on English education.

6. Adoption of Indian Culture • At height, French only had pop. of 80,000 led to intermarriage and metis culture • War also led to interaction • Fighting together • Captives

8. Fur Trade • Why were European markets so eager for supplies? • Items traded to the Indians? Short term Impact? • Major players: • French  Hudson’s Bay Company and England

9. French System • So, merchants shipped anything that Indians would buy and demanded beaver skins in return. Trade goods included metal knives, awls and kettles, steel flints for starting fires, guns and ammunition, alcohol (which, though officially prohibited, was steadily supplied through the black market), woolen blankets, and porcelain beads for jewelry. These were shipped into regional warehouses in Michilimackinac (present-day Mackinac, Michigan, at the head of Lake Michigan) and then redistributed to smaller outposts such as Green Bay, Prairie du Chien and LaPointe. In autumn Wisconsin traders would advance guns, ammunition and other supplies to Indian hunters, who would return in the spring to settle their accounts with beaver — a system that kept most Indians permanently in debt to French traders. The traders would pack large canoes with thousands of pounds of pelts for the annual trip to Montreal. Beavers caught near present-day Milwaukee or Minocqua soon graced the heads of customers in Paris or London • http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/shorthistory/furtrade.asp

10. Impact upon the Indians A century of colonialism had utterly transformed Indian life. Several Wisconsin tribes — such as the once-powerful Ho-Chunk and Meskwaki (Fox) — had been reduced to tiny fractions of their pre-contact size. In nearly all Indian communities, material life, gender roles, religious practice, daily tasks and social structure had all changed. Stable agricultural communities that had for hundreds of years engaged only in seasonal hunting broke apart, as full-time hunters wandered far and wide pursuing beaver. Indian women, the elderly and children clustered around trading posts, where they caught European diseases and were often exploited. A "metis" class of mixed-race offspring blurred the lines between French and Indian families. http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/shorthistory/furtrade.asp

11. Long Term Effects of Fur Trade • Overdependence upon European goods led to? • Role of alcohol in trade and effects? • Intertribal conflict. Why? • Overall diminishing /disappearing of traditional ways of life led to economic dependency with eventual loss of lands and tribal presence.