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CHM 585/490

CHM 585/490. Chapter 20. Soaps and Bulging Drum Case Story. Soaps. Contain both a hydrophilic (water loving) end and a hydrophobic (water repelling) portion. Hydrophilic end is the carboxylate salt Hydrophobic end is the aliphatic end U.S. soap & detergent industry about $10 billion.

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CHM 585/490

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  1. CHM 585/490 Chapter 20

  2. Soaps and Bulging Drum Case Story

  3. Soaps • Contain both a hydrophilic (water loving) end and a hydrophobic (water repelling) portion. • Hydrophilic end is the carboxylate salt • Hydrophobic end is the aliphatic end • U.S. soap & detergent industry about $10 billion

  4. Saponification

  5. Fats • Tallow- beef by-product; most commonly utilized animal fat in the processing of soaps • Coconut Oil – from the dried fruit of the coconut tree • Palm kernal oil – from palm tree nuts

  6. Percentage of Acids from Different Fats

  7. Soap • RCO2- Na+ Typical soap • RCO2- K+ Soft soap

  8. Cationic SurfactantsQuats

  9. Synthetic Detergents • RSO3- Na+

  10. Hypothesis IResidual ethylene oxide was degassing from the ethoxylated alcohol during storage at elevated temperatures

  11. Headspace GC • No ethylene oxide detected

  12. Hypothesis 2 • Ethoxylated alcohol was breaking down via auto-oxidative mechanism in the presence of oxygen, elevated temperatures and trace metals

  13. Summary • Wet chemical Analyses – Degradation products not detected • GC – product quality good • Atomic Absorption • Fe 0.5ppm • Co 0.6 ppm • Ni < 3 ppm • Headspace GC – no differences detected

  14. Conclusions • Residual ethylene oxide is not the source of explosive gas • Auto-oxidative breakdown of ethoxylated alcohol is not producing a problem

  15. Hypothesis 3 • Breakdown of a stabilizer (sodium borohydride) is causing the explosive gas • BH4- + 4H2O  B(OH)4- + 4 H2

  16. Conclusions • Gas in headspace was hydrogen • Breakdown of stabilizer to produce hydrogen was responsible for the bulged drums and results from excessive water in the product • Recommend that borohydride be removed from the product

  17. U.S. Detergent Market C&E News 1/26/04

  18. VP R&D for detergents at Procter & Gamble? • Guess who? • Dr. Grime • I’m not making this up! • (C&E News 1/26/04)

  19. Many Ingredients (such as) • Bleaching Compounds • Builders • Enzymes • Suds suppressors • Brighteners • Softeners (clays) • Dye Transfer Inhibiting Agents • Surfactants • Fragrances

  20. Bleaching Compounds • Percarbonates often used:

  21. Bleaching Compounds Used in Tide and Gain C &E News 1/26/04

  22. Builders To assist in controlling mineral hardness and to assist in the removal of particulate soils. • Liquid formulations typically comprise from 5% to 30%, by weight, of detergent builder. • Granular formulations typically comprise from 15% to 50% by weight.

  23. Builders • Often alkali metal silicates, particularly those having a SiO2:Na2O ratio in the range 1.6:1 to 3.2:1 • Zeolites (aluminosilicates) also commonly used

  24. Enzymes can be included in the formulations for a wide variety of fabric laundering purposes, including removal of protein-based, carbohydrate-based, or triglyceride-based stains.

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