PHP Modules

PHP Modules LDAP and MySQL

External Functions • In addition to the usual programming functions (arrays, date and time, typing, mathematical, etc), PHP supports a large number of functions linking it to other software (although many of these require special installation): • MySQL. MS SQL, Oracle 8 • Shockwave Flash • PDF • IMAP, POP3, NNTP • XML • Many others… • In particular, we'll look at the MySQL and LDAP function sets

Review: PHP 5 Architecture • Recall that PHP is modular… image from http://www.zend.com/zend/art/intro.php

Examples of FTP Functions ftp_connect — Opens up an FTP connection ftp_login — Logs in an FTP connection ftp_pwd — Returns the current directory name ftp_cdup — Changes to the parent directory ftp_chdir — Changes directories on a FTP server ftp_mkdir — Creates a directory ftp_rmdir — Removes a directory ftp_nlist — Returns a list of files in the given directory. ftp_get — Downloads a file from the FTP server. ftp_fget — Downloads a file from the FTP server and saves to an open file. ftp_put — Uploads a file to the FTP server. ftp_fput — Uploads from an open file to the FTP server. ftp_size — Returns the size of the given file. ftp_mdtm — Returns the last modified time of the given file. ftp_rename — Renames a file on the ftp server. ftp_delete — Deletes a file on the ftp server. ftp_quit — Closes an FTP connection

LDAP • Lightweight Directory Access Protocol • Like many "light" services, it's gained weight over time--LDAP is just like XML in this regard • Used to store user data on systems (eg. Active Directory, Open Directory) • Very commonly used for email addressbooks • Also can be used for authentication services

LDAP Terms • A directory is a collection of entries • Each entry contains a set of attributes • Attributes have a name, and contain a value • A schema governs the form of attributes, much like a DTD or XML Schema governs an XML document

Distinguished Names • Each directory has a root name, the distinguished name • These days that is usually parallel to the IP domain name or the server's IP name, eg:dc=cs,dc=unc,dc=edu(dc stands for domain component--the older system used geographical components) • Entries in the tree also have a distinguished name, but that's relative (RDN), eg:cn=hays,ou=affiliates,dc=cs,dc=unc,dc=edu • This domain based structure allows multiple servers to interact in a hierarchy, much like DNS

Data? Data? • ldap/abhi_ldap.php • This will show you a dump of my data from ldap.unc.edu (this isn't the only thing up there, but it shows you the kinds of things that are there) • Same basic data, shown a different way:ldap/person_super.php

LDAP Structure • LDAP uses a tree structure • Leaves can be asymmetrical--that is to say, not all leaves have to be populated, and leaves can contain various numbers of subleaves • This in contrast to the standard table structures--really tho, LDAP sits on top of a DB (usually Berkeley DB) and itself acts as middleware layer • LDAP has a text file format for import/export called ldif (this stuff is all based on the old X500 stuff, so it predates XML)

LDAP Trees image from http://www.twistedmatrix.com/users/tv/ldap-intro/ldap-intro.html

An Aside • X.500 is the old school directory system developed by the ITU • This was never adopted in a widespread manner, just to complicated • Developed by telco as a universal directory • There are implementation similarities to • ANS.1 and SNMP • SGML and XML • ATM • The lesson: Prototype early and often and plan on throwing the first one away

Import and Export • LDAP uses a standard text file format for import and export (YAS!) • This is called LDIF, and you'll see it pretty often in conjunction with supporting email clients

LDIF formats dn: cn=Barbara Jensen, ou=Product Development, dc=airius, dc=com objectclass: top objectclass: person objectclass: organizationalPerson cn: Barbara Jensen cn: Barbara J Jensen cn: Babs Jensen sn: Jensen uid: bjensen telephonenumber: +1 408 555 1212 description: A big sailing fan. dn: cn=Bjorn Jensen, ou=Accounting, dc=airius, dc=com objectclass: top objectclass: person objectclass: organizationalPerson cn: Bjorn Jensen sn: Jensen telephonenumber: +1 408 555 1212 from http://www.twistedmatrix.com/users/tv/ldap-intro/ldap-intro.html

Administration • LDAP has a collection of command line tools for unixes, and a host of browsers for all platforms • There's also a project, phpldapadmin, that is handy for doing ldap administration (and yes, virginia, one could do an ldap and phpldapadmin installation as a project) • There's an analogous product, phpmysqladmin, for MySQL

PHP and LDAP • Four basic phases • Open a connection to the server:ldap_connect() • Bind to the server (authenticate)ldap_bind() • Do your ldap thing • Close the connectionldap_close()

02_super_ldap.php • The basic connection…. $ldap_server = "ldap.unc.edu:389"; … // Connect to ldap server $ldapconn = ldap_connect($ldap_server) or die("Could not connect to LDAP server."); echo 'ldapconn = ' . $ldapconn; echo " ";

02_super_ldap.php • Binding to ldap // Test to see that we got a connection if ($ldapconn) { // If the connection requires a password, use this //$ldapbind = ldap_bind($ldapconn, $ldaprdn, $ldappass); // If the connection is anonymous, use this $ldapbind = ldap_bind($ldapconn); echo 'ldapbind = ' . $ldapbind . ' '; // verify binding if ($ldapbind) { echo "LDAP bind successful..."; } else { echo "LDAP bind failed..."; } }

02_super_ldap.php • A simple search--$info is an array of entries $dn = "dc=unc,dc=edu"; // $justthese is a array of what items // to get in the ldap search //$justthese = array("*"); $justthese = array( "sn", "givenname", "uid", "mail"); // Filters // Set the filter you wish to user here by uncommenting the line $filter = "(uid=$uid)"; … echo $filter . ' is the filter '; // Set a handle for the ldap search $sr=ldap_search($ldapconn, $dn, $filter, $justthese); // Pull the ldap entries found in the search into $info $info = ldap_get_entries($ldapconn, $sr);

02_super_ldap.php • LDAP searches return multidimensional arrays, so we'll start with print_r() function print_results($info) { // Use a while loop to print the results // Each "hit" is an array of arrays of arrays.... print "" . $info["count"] . " entries returned"; $x=0; while ($info[$x] != "") { echo "Here is \$info[$x]: "; echo '<pre>'; print_r($info[$x]); echo '</pre>'; echo ' '; $x++; } }

02_super_ldap.php through 06_super_ldap.php • This is ok, but the arrays are complicated and print_r() is ugly • So what I want is to be able to control the output--I have to traverse the arrays, find the elements I need, and extract those • To do this, I'll put loops in loops • I also want a form to control what I'm submitting--a user won't modify the source

03_super_ldap.php • Added a new var, $search_elements $ldap_server = "ldap.unc.edu:389"; // Set the Distinguish Name (which defines the base of the ldap tree) $dn = "dc=unc,dc=edu"; // $justthese is a array of what items to get in the ldap search $justthese = array( "sn", "givenname", "uid", "telephonenumber", "mail"); // Set the items to build in the radio buttons $search_elements = array("sn", "mail", "pid", "telephonenumber", "uid");

03_super_ldap.php • Added a new var, $search_elements, this is used in a loop to write out a series of radio buttons foreach ($search_elements as $radio_button) { echo "<input type=\"radio\" value=\"$radio_button\" name=\"search_field\" /> $radio_button"; }

03_super_ldap.php • And a function.. function print_results($info) { print "" . $info["count"] . " entries returned"; $x=0; while ($info[$x]) { echo "Here is \$info[$x]: "; echo '<pre>'; print_r($info[$x]); echo '</pre>'; echo ' '; $x++; } }

03_super_ldap.php • The search and data return $sr=ldap_search($ldapconn, $dn, $filter, $justthese); $info = ldap_get_entries($ldapconn, $sr); print_results($info); ldap_close($ldapconn);

04_super_ldap.php • The print function dices into the $info array function print_results($info, $justthese) { print "" . $info["count"] . " entries returned"; $x=0; $y=0; while ($info[$x] != "") { foreach ($justthese as $item) { echo "<hr />"; echo '<pre>'; print_r($info[$x][$item]); echo '</pre>'; $y++; } $x++; } }

05_super_ldap.php • Chucked the print function $x=0; while ($info[$x] != "") { echo ""; foreach ($justthese as $item) { $y=0; while ($info[$x][$item][$y] != "") { print_r($info[$x][$item][$y]); echo ' '; $y++; } } echo "<hr />"; $x++; }

06_super_ldap.php • A more complicated loop

ldap/abhi_ldap.php • A very tight loop $info = ldap_get_entries($ldapconnect, $sr); echo $info["count"]." entries returned "; // $i = entries // $ii = attributes for entry // $iii = values per attribute for ($i = 0; $i<$info["count"]; $i++) { for ($ii=0; $ii<$info[$i]["count"]; $ii++){ $data = $info[$i][$ii]; for ($iii=0; $iii<$info[$i][$data]["count"]; $iii++) { echo $data.": ".$info[$i][$data][$iii]." "; } } }

Other Uses • ldap/listcs_super.php • Takes a list of pids from a text file and pulls sn and displaynames, could pull any other data….

$pid_list_raw = file('./pids_list.txt'); $pid_list = array_unique($pid_list_raw); $x=0; while ($pid_list[$x] != '') { // using ldap bind $ldaprdn = 'pid=700554021,dc=unc,dc=edu'; // ldap rdn or dn // connect to ldap server $ldapconn = ldap_connect("ldap.unc.edu:389") or die("Could not connect to LDAP server."); if ($ldapconn) { $ldapbind = ldap_bind($ldapconn); // verify binding if ($ldapbind) { //echo "LDAP bind successful... "; } else { echo "LDAP bind failed..."; } }

$pid_list[$x] = trim($pid_list[$x]); $filter = "(pid=$pid_list[$x])"; $dn = "dc=unc,dc=edu"; //echo 'Hi!' . $filter . ' is the filter '; $justthese = array("*"); $result = ldap_search($ldapconn, $dn, $filter); $sr=ldap_search($ldapconn, $dn, $filter, $justthese); $info = ldap_get_entries($ldapconn, $sr); if ($info[0]["sn"][0]) { echo $info[0]["sn"][0] . "," . $info[0]["pid"][0] . ', ' . $info[0]["displayname"][0]; echo ' '; } $x++; }

Local Advantages to LDAP • The campus directory is maintained in ldap, so you can get a lot of data from it • All of the data you can get is public data--if a user has told ITS they do not want their phone number published, it's not there • That means you don't have to worry about violating privacy, and you're not responsible for the data…. • You can use this to get a user's home dir, public email address, etc.

MySQL Keep in mind, I'm not a sql programmer….

What it is • A multithreaded multi user database system • It has it's own syntax, consistent with SQL • Developed as an answer to heavy weight commercial dbs such as Oracle and Sybase • Dual licensed by MySQL AB, which makes the source available under GPL, but also licenses closed versions • Recently there's been a controversy since the distribution of the source has been slightly restricted

Why use it? • It's free • It's fast, and suits most purposes nicely • It's relatively easy to understand (oracle and sybase have steeper learning curves) • If you grow into something that needs additional support, you can buy it later (much as is the case with PHP/Zend)

Everything in a table • MySQL stores user information, access controls, passwords, all of it's data, in a database (named mysql), so you need to guard that pretty carefully • You can allow access to it directly over the network, but consider the need carefully • I recommend that you only allow access via the local host, and use php for user access--you can always ssh to the server if you need direct access • If you want to run php code on another server, then only allow that server to connect--but know that all other users on that server can try to connect…

Administration • Via the command line, use mysql and mysqladmin • mysql is use to create and access databases and tables • mysqladmin is used to manage the service • For more info, see dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/index.html • There's also a nice package, phpmyadmin, you can use to manage databases--installing this and using is could be a project….

Sample Commands • These are the commands I used to create the table we'll use in the lab • Commands end with a semi-colon DROP TABLE IF EXISTS employees; CREATE TABLE employees ( id tinyint(4) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, first varchar(20), last varchar(20), address varchar(255), city varchar(40), position varchar(50), PRIMARY KEY (id), UNIQUE id (id)); INSERT INTO employees VALUES (1,'Tory','LeMar','128 Here St', 'Cityname','Marketing Manager'); INSERT INTO employees VALUES (2,'Brad','Johnson', '1/34 Nowhere Blvd', 'Snowston','Doorman'); INSERT INTO employees VALUES (3,'Bob','Smith', '128 Here St','Cityname','Marketing Manager'); INSERT INTO employees VALUES (4,'John','Roberts', '45 There St','Townville','Telephonist');

Examples of MySQL Functions mysql_change_user — Change logged in user of the active connection mysql_connect — Open a connection to a MySQL Server mysql_create_db — Create a MySQL database mysql_db_query — Send a MySQL query mysql_drop_db — Drop (delete) a MySQL database mysql_fetch_field — Get column information from a result and return as an object mysql_fetch_lengths — Get the length of each output in a result mysql_field_table — Get name of the table the specified field is in mysql_field_type — Get the type of the specified field in a result mysql_list_dbs — List databases available on a MySQL server mysql_list_fields — List MySQL result fields mysql_list_tables — List tables in a MySQL database mysql_num_fields — Get number of fields in result Etc….

Opening a connection Notice that the password here is clear in the php source….. // create a resource handle for the database connection $db = mysql_connect("purple.ils.unc.edu:3306", "hays", "password"); mysql_select_db(widgetco,$db); // Create a resource variable with the results from // a mysql_query()--this is not a normal variable, but // rather a pointer to the resource's data. $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM employees",$db); Also, do you understand the concept of the handle here?

Using printf // Use printf to get the results to the browser // The %s stands for a string variable, the value from the first // item after the first command goes into the first variable, etc. // The result we're pulling is from the zeroth row of $result // so it's the first line in the table printf("First Name: %s \n", mysql_result($result,0,"first")); printf("Last Name: %s \n", mysql_result($result,0,"last")); printf("Address: %s \n", mysql_result($result,0,"address")); printf("City: %s \n", mysql_result($result,0,"city")); printf("Position: %s \n", mysql_result($result,0,"position"));

Submitting Data $id = $_GET["id"]; if ($id) { if ($_POST["submit"]) { $sql = "UPDATE employees SET first='$first',last='$last',address='$address', city='$city',position='$position' WHERE id=$id"; // Note that we set data by passing a command to the database // with a mysql_query() $result = mysql_query($sql); echo "Thank you! Information updated.\n";

A more selective query // In this query, we're only looking for one line, the one // with the match id value $querystring = "SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id=" . $_GET["id"]; $result = mysql_query($querystring,$db); $myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result); printf("First name: %s\n ", $myrow["first"]); printf("Last name: %s\n ", $myrow["last"]); printf("Address: %s\n ", $myrow["address"]); printf("City: %s\n ", $myrow["city"]); printf("Position: %s\n ", $myrow["position"]); Note also that this version uses mysql_fetch_array(), a single query pulls the entire row into a 1d array in php

Some simple examples • table_query.php • table_query2.php • table_query3.php • table_query4.php • table.php • table01.php • table02.php

Material from the Lab

Optional Lab • I've set up a db on purple.ils.unc.edu, you can play with it if you like with this lab:/labs/php_and_mysql.html

More Info • Wikipedia on LDAP • DevShed on PHP and MySQL

PHP Modules

PHP Modules

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