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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Cells and Organelles. Background. Every living thing is made of cells Robert Hooke coined the term “cells” Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered the 1st living cell. Cell Theory . The Cell Theory states that: All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Cells and Organelles

  2. Background • Every living thing is made of cells • Robert Hooke coined the term “cells” • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered the 1stliving cell

  3. Cell Theory • TheCell Theory states that: • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • The cell is the basic unit of organization in all organisms. • All cells come from pre-existing cells

  4. Levels of organization • Smallest living unit is the cell

  5. Types of cells • Two types of cells • Prokaryotes – simple cells, bacteria • Eukaryotes – complex cells, animal and plant

  6. Inside the cell • Inside the cell there are smaller parts called organelles • Organelle means ‘little organ’

  7. Plasma Membrane • The plasma membrane, aka the cell membrane, surrounds the cell • It is present in all cells • Function – controls what enters and leaves the cell • Selectively permeable • – selects what moves through it

  8. Plasma membrane • Structure • Phospholipidbilayer

  9. Cell Wall • Surrounds some cells • Plant cells, fungi cells, and bacteria cells • Tough and ridged • Made of cellulose

  10. Nucleus • Controls everything in the cell • Reproduction, movement, eating • Only present in eukaryotic cells • Contains all genetic information

  11. Nucleus • Surrounding the nucleus is the nuclear envelope • Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus • The nucleolus produces an organelle called the ribosomes

  12. Ribosome • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis • Found all over the cell • In cytoplasm • On Rough ER

  13. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Two types: smooth and rough • Smooth – stores lipids • Rough – after the ribosomes make proteins the rough ER packages them in vesicles to move around, or out of, the cell Rough because it is covered in ribosomes

  14. Golgi Apparatus • Modifies and sorts proteins before they are sent out of the cell • Notice increased Surface area • Stacked like pancakes

  15. Production of Proteins • Each organelle has a role to play in the production of proteins

  16. Vacuole • Main function is storage • In both plant and animal cells, but they are much larger in plant cells

  17. Mitochondria • Produces energy for the cell • Does this through a process called cellular respiration • Many folds to increase surface area called Cristae

  18. Chloroplast • Produce sugar, or food, by using light energy • This process is called photosynthesis • Found in plant cells and protist cells

  19. Lysosome • The lysosomes job is to digest things that are no longer needed by the cell • Contain special enzymes to do this

  20. Animal VS Plant Cell

  21. Stem cells • Eukaryotic organisms begin as a mass of cells • Each cell has the same DNA so how do we end up with hundreds of cell types? • It has to do with the DNA!!

  22. Stem Cells • Cell differentiation- happens only specific parts of the DNA are activated. • the parts of the DNA that are activated determine the function and specialized structure of a cell. • Once a cell is differentiated it can notbe reversed.

  23. Stem Cells • Stem cells have not differentiated yet • They have the ability to become any cell! • Embryonic stem cells – found in the embryo • Adult stems cells – found in adult living organisms (example – bone marrow) • Both types have potential to be come specialized cells • Important because it can turn into ANY cell!!!! • CONTROVERSIES???

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