Water and Biochemistry

1. Water and Biochemistry

2. Neutral Polar – unevenly distributed + (H end) and – (O end) and charges so that water acts as a magnet with poles; attracted to other water molecules Properties of Water:

3. 3. Cohesion – same substances attracted (water is attracted to water) 4. Adhesion – different substances attracted (water is attracted to other substances) Cohesion and Adhesion

4. 5. Mixture – not always pure solutions – all parts evenly distributed; solute, solvent water = universal solvent

5. suspension – mixture of water + substances that do not dissolve in water

6. 6. Reacts to form ions H20  H+ + OH- pH scale – concentration of H+ in solution • Scale = 0 – 14 • 7 = neutral, 14 = base, 1 = acid • Acidic > H+ ; basic < H+ buffers – weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

7. The pH of your blood must remain between 7.35 and 7.45. If your blood's pH rises or falls one tenth of a pH unit, it's cause for a visit to a hospital's intensive care unit. If blood pH moves two tenths either way, it's lethal.

8. Acid Rain

9. Notes on Biochemistry Carbon compounds = organic compounds • giant molecules formed by joining small molecules (monomers) to form one large molecule (polymer) = polymerization

10. monomer + monomer  polymer + water dehydration synthesis – water is removed in order to join de = remove from hydra = water synthesis = put together

11. monomer + monomer  polymer + water hydrolysis - water is put in it to split hydra = water lysis = breakdown

12. Hydrolysis/Dehydration Reactions

13. 4 Groups of organic compounds 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids

14. Carbohydrates • Contain C, H, O in a 2:1 H to O ratio • Main source of energy • Immediate energy – break down sugars • Stored sugar – starches (complex carbohydrates

15. Monosaccharides – simple sugars mono = one sacchar = sugar a. glucose (blood sugar) b. fructose (fruit sugar) c. galactose isomers – same empirical formula but different structural formulas C6H12O6 (isomers)

16. Monosaccharides glucose fructose galactose

17. 2. Disaccharides – double sugars di = two simple + simple  double + water sugar sugar sugar • sucrose (table sugar) • lactose (milk sugar) • maltose (malt sugar) C12H22O11

19. Sucrose Monomer of fructose + Monomer of glucose = Sucrose + H2O

20. 3. Polysaccharides – complex sugars poly = many (C6H10O5)n “n” is the number of sugars in the polysaccharide

21. starches – storage products of plants • glycogen – “animal starch” is released from muscles for muscle contraction and from the liver when glucose levels in blood is low • cellulose – in cell walls of plants • serves as roughage (fiber) • stimulates peristalsis and aids in intestinal elimination

22. cellulose

23. Lipids • contain C, H, O in a greater than 2:1 ratio • stores energy efficiently (large numbers of C to H bonds) • make up biological membranes, and waterproof coverings • common lipids include fats, oils, waxes and steroids

24. Building blocks of lipids: glycerol and fatty acids glycerol + 3 fatty acids  fat + 3 waters

25. saturated fatty acids = all single C to C bonds unsaturated fatty acids = some double bonds – liquid at room temperature

26. Proteins • contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S • control rates of reactions, regulate cell processes Building block – amino acids 20 different amino acids H H O N C C H OH R NH2 = amino group COOH = carboxyl group

27. Amino Acids join together by a peptide bond to form a protein Formation of a Peptide Bond

28. Amino Acids form peptide bonds to Make Protein Amino acid + amino acid + many more  protein + water

29. alanine cysteine

30. Enzymes • proteins that act as catalysts to speed up or slow down chemical reactions that take place in cells • lower the activation energy • very specific – they act on only one kind of chemical reaction (Lock and Key hypothesis) • enzyme action – control/regulate the release/transfer of energy

31. Activation EnergyEnzymes LOWER the activation energy

32. Lock and Key Hypothesis active site – where enzyme and substrate fit together substrate – material acted upon

33. enzyme-substrate complex = enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react

34. reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are called substrates • enzyme and substrate are bound together until the reaction is done • when the reaction is over, the products of the reaction are released, and the enzyme is free to start the process all over again

35. Features of Enzymes • They do not make processes happen that would not take place on their own. They just make the processes take place faster! • Enzymes are not permanently altered or used up in reaction. • The same enzyme works for the forward and reverse directions of a reaction. • Each enzyme is highly selective about its substrate.

36. Examples Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that speeds up the process by which carbon dioxide leaves the cell and enters the blood stream so it can be removed from the body. The enzyme lipase is produced by the pancreas and functions in the digestion of lipids.

37. Nucleic Acids • contain C, H, O, N, P • controls the synthesis of proteins • store and transmit genetic information 2 Kinds of Nucleic Acids 1. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid 2. RNA – ribonucleic acid

38. Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids Nucleotide • A nucleotide is made up of a nitrogen base, a phosphate group, and a sugar • Deoxyribonucleic acid has deoxyribose sugar, while ribonucleic acid has ribose sugar ribose deoxyribose

39. Evolution and Molecules Primordial Soup Theory • 3.8-3.55 billion years ago • Life began from a warm ocean/pond when chemicals mixed from the water and atmosphere to make the first amino acids • Amino acids then gave rise to proteins and other organisms

40. Primordial Soup Model • Developed by Russian chemist Oparin • Stanley Miller and Harold Urey conducted an experiment in 1950 to test this theory • Mixed inorganic gases thought to be present on primitive earth: methane, ammonia, water, hydrogen (no oxygen!) • Then shocked them electrically (signifies lightning) and all 20 amino acids were synthesized (organic) • UV light, heat, and shocking the compounds also result in synthesizing the amino acids

41. Primitive Earth