India

1. India Mr. Giesler Global One

2. India Geography TTYN: How does geography help shape civilizations? • Small Group Activity • Work cooperatively, identify key geographical locations on the map located in your notes packet. Refer to your textbook. • Physical • Political

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6. India Geography Well-watered northern plains, the dry Deccan plateau, and the coastal plains on either side of the Deccan The Indian subcontinent is divided into three major zones

7. India Geography • Northern plain lies south of the mountain • Fertile land • Receives water from the Indus, Ganges, and the Brahmaputra • The Deccan lacks water resources and therefore, much of the region is arid, unproductive, and sparsely populated • Coastal plains, similar to the northern plain, receive a sufficient amount of water, plus have the added benefit of the coast for trade and fishing. TTYN: Identify different weather events that could have an affect on a people and a nation

8. India Geography Small Group Activity What is the poet writing about? “The summer sun, who robbed the pleasant nights. And plundered all the water of the rivers. And burned the earth, and scorched the forest-trees Is now hiding; and the rain-clouds, Spread thick across the sky to track him down. Hunt for the criminal with lightning flashes.” • Monsoon – a seasonal wind • Winter – blows from the NE, bringing with it hot, dry air that withers crops • May-June – the wet summer monsoon blows from the SW. Packed with moisture from the Indian Ocean. • The monsoon has shaped Indian life. • Rain for cops • If later, famine and starvation may occur

9. India The First Indian Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization • Emerged in the Indus River Valley (present-day Pakistan) • 2500 B.C.E. • After 1,000 years of prosperity, it vanished without a trace • Only in this century have archeologists unearthed the remains of the Indus River Valley • No names of kings, tax records, literature, or accounts of famous victories. • Based on some of the many artifacts uncovered, it is believed that the people of the Indus Valley were polytheistic. • The bull was also apparently worshiped, which scholars believe influenced later Indian beliefs – the veneration or special regard for cattle. • Decline??? Ecological disasters?? Volcanic eruption which blocked the flow of the Indus?? Earthquake?? Many scholars speculate that around 1500 B.C.E., nomads (The Aryans) from the north arrived.

10. India The Vedic Age 1500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E. • The Aryans • Built no cities and left no statues • Vedas – collection of prayers, hymn, and other religious teachings • What the Vedas tell us: • Aryans were warriors • Fought with chariots, bows and arrows • Valued cattle • Divided people by occupation; three basic groups – Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), and the Vaisyas (herders, farmers, artisans, and merchants) • Religion – polytheistic – gods or goddesses that embodied the sun, storm, and fire.

11. India What’s up next – Religions and Belief Systems Bring your Beliefs Systems Notes Packet to class!!! ***This particular section of our discovery of India will allow you to either confirm, correct, or further your understanding of the Belief Systems that dominate India. Equally important, our time during this section will help prepare you for the unit exam.

12. Hinduism Timeline Widely considered the world’s oldest religion. Many people suggest that Hinduism in not a religion, much like Christianity or Judaism, but more of a way of life. Hinduism evolved around 1500 BCE Founder None. Hinduism derives from the word "India” and refers to traditions and philosophies that have evolved over thousands of years Geography Sacred Text Vedas and Upinshads

13. Hinduism Basic Tenants of Hinduism Universal Spirit or Brahman Hindu thinkers came to believe that everything in the universe was part of the unchanging, all-powerful spiritual force called brahman. According to Swami Sivananda, one of the great Yoga masters of the 20th century “Brahman or the Supreme Self is beyond time and space, causation. He is limitless. He is tranquil. He shines with equal effulgence in all bodies. He cannot be any particular thing. He is Chaitanya or pure consciousness. He is Vastu, Atman or Brahman or the Supreme Self is the hidden treasure. It is the jewel of jewels. It is gem of gems. It is the imperishable, inexhaustible supreme wealth, which no dacoit can rob. It is Chintamani of Chintamanis that will give man whatever he wishes.” In other words, brahman is too complex an idea for most people to comprehend, so they worships gods that give a concrete form to brahman.

14. Hinduism Basic Tenants of Hinduism To Hindus, every person has an essential self, or atman. Atman is just another name for brahman. For Hindus, the ultimate goal of existence is to achieve moksha (MAHK SHUH), or union with brahman. To accomplish this – you must free yourself from selfish desires. Because Hindus believe that this goal cannot be completed in just one lifetime, they believe in reincarnation. Thus, through reincarnation, you are able to continue working towards moksha. Karma All actions of a person’s life that affect their next life Dharma Religious and moral duties. These duties vary according to class, occupation, gender, or age. By obeying one’s dharma, a person acquires merit for the next life. Hinduism provides direction to the daily lives of Hindus. It teaches that people should remain in their social group or caste

15. Hinduism Caste System The Caste System is a rigid class structure based on Hinduism which is found in India. It is believed that if one leads a good life, following good karma and dharma, then they will be rewarded by being reincarnated as a person belonging to the next highest level in the Caste System. However, if one is wicked during their life, they will be demoted, and possibly even removed from the Caste System altogether. Outcasts, or Untouchables, are members of Hindu society thought to have been removed from the Caste System, with no hope of returning to it, due to their misdeeds in previous lives. Work that is deemed unclean for all other Hindus is reserved for these Outcasts.

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17. Hinduism Caste System The caste system is an important part of Hinduism. Caste are social groups into which people are born and out of which they cannot move during a lifetime. In Next Life In This Life If good and obeys caste rules Higher Caste A Person Is born into a caste Lower Caste If bad and breaks caste rules

18. Hinduism TTYN – complete the graphic organizer with important facts about Hinduism Hinduism Sacred Texts Vedas and Upinshads

19. Buddhism Timeline Buddhism currently has about 376 million followers and is generally listed as the world's fourth largest religion. Buddhism shares many of the core concepts of Hinduism. Buddha or the “Enlightened One” was born a Hindu in 500 B.C. Founder Siaddhartha Gautama or Buddha Geography Sacred Text Tripitaka or “Three Baskets of Wisdom”

20. Buddhism Teachings ,Beliefs, and Origins Siddhartha was born into the Brahmin caste, and by all accounts, led a luxurious lifestyle. However, he was troubled by the human misery that he saw around him everyday. While meditating under a sacred tree, he found the answer to his question, and he was thereafter referred to as Buddha. Upon reflection, he deduced that desire was the root cause of all suffering. This idea has been recorded as the Four Noble Truths • Four Noble Truths • Siddhartha's philosophy of the nature of human suffering and its relation to desire is articulated by these four statements: • Life is full of pain and suffering. • Human desire causes this suffering. • By putting an end to desire, humans can end suffering. • Humans can end desire by following the Eightfold Path

21. Buddhism Eightfold Path The Wheel of Life is one of the most important symbols of Buddhism, as it represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation and because each of its eight spokes represents one of the teachings of theEightfold Path. Know that suffering is caused by desire. Be selfless and love all life. Do not lie, or speak without cause. Do not kill, steal, or commit other unrighteous acts. Do not do things which promote evil. Take effort to promote righteousness. Be aware of your physical actions, state of mind, and emotions. Learn to meditate.

22. Buddhism Reincarnation Buddhists believe in an endless cycle of reincarnation, or samsara, which is similar to beliefs of Hinduism. However, Buddhists do not believe that deities are responsible for the phenomenon. In addition, the Caste Systemis rejected by Buddhists who believe instead that one is reincarnated until they can achieve nirvana, best described as spiritual enlightenment. The concept of reincarnation can best be illustrated using an infinity symbol: Nirvana spiritual enlightenment What Does Nirvana mean to you?

23. Buddhism Do Now and then “Pair and Share” In complete sentences, describe what Buddha might be suggesting with each of the following quite. 1. “It is better to conquer yourself than to win a thousand battles. Then the victory is yours. It cannot be taken from you, not by angels or by demons, heaven or hell.” 2. “All that man experiences springs out of his thoughts. If his thoughts are good, the words and deeds will also be good. The result of good thoughts, words and deeds will be happiness. This happiness never leaves the person whose thoughts are good. Happiness will always follow him like his shadow that never leaves him.” 3. “Those who attempt to conquer hatred by hatred are like warriors who take weapons to overcome others who bear arms. This does not end hatred, but gives it room to grow. But, ancient wisdom has advocated a different timeless strategy to overcome hatred. This eternal wisdom is to meet hatred with non-hatred. The method of trying to conquer hatred through hatred never succeeds in overcoming hatred. But, the method of overcoming hatred through non-hatred is eternally effective. That is why that method is described as eternal wisdom.”

24. Buddhism TTYN – complete the graphic organizer with some of the important facts regarding Buddhism Buddhism Founder Siddharth Gautama AKA Buddha

25. India Empires of India • TTYN – What is an empire? The Maurya Empire 321 B.C.E – 185 B.C.E • Maurya – MOW uhryuh • Chandragupta Maurya – First empire/emperor • Ganges Valley • Large Army • Son and Grandson would push south, adding much of the Deccan Valley • Well-organized bureaucracy • Officials supervised the infrastructure (roads, buildings, harbors) • Officials collected taxes • Managed state-owned factories and shipyards • People justice in royal courts • Secret Police reported on corruption, crime, and dissent • Chandragupta’s rule was effective but hard • Even women were trained as warriors

26. India The Maurya Empire 321 B.C.E – 185 B.C.E • Asoka, grandson of Chandragupta; the most honored emperor • Fought a long and bloody war to conquer the Deccan region • Horrified at the slaughter (over 100K) dead – turned his back on further conquests • Converted to Buddhism- rejected violence; rules by a moral code • “All people are my children, and just as I desire for my children that they should obtain welfare and happiness, both in this world and the next, so do I desire the same for all people” • Took steps to help his “children” • building roads, rest houses for travelers, and hospitals. • Preached tolerance for other religions

27. India • Economy • India developed into a center of world trade • Textiles, gems, incense, and spices • Relationship with Rome and Alexander the Great • Most goods produced and shipped to Rome came from cities from the Deccan Valley

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30. Golden Age of Gupta • Great cultural achievements: Advancements in learning • Literature • Arabic numerals-1,2,3…. • Decimal system-.0123 • Surgeons and vaccinations • Pioneered the use of herbs and other remedies to treat illness • Vaccinating people against smallpox – about a • thousands years before this practice • was used in Europe • Architecture – stone temples and stupas • Daily Life in India • Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops together • Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest male • Farmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy taxes • Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by mother rather than father

31. India Decline • Weak rulers • Civil war • Foreign invaders • White Huns • Destroyed cities and trade • Split into many kingdoms • Rival princes battled for control of the northern plain

32. India Next Up: The Muslim Effect • Arab armies conquer the Indus Valley in 711 • Around 1000 A.D., the Turks push further • Sultan of Ghur conquers the Northern Plains; makes Delhi his capital • The Delhi Sultanate • Changes to Indian gov’t and society • Introduced Muslim traditions of gov’t • Trade between India and the Muslim world increases • 1398, the arrival of Tamerlane • Small group activity • Refer to handout • Who was Tamerlane? • Why have few names throughout history inspired • such terror as Tamerlane?

33. India Mughal Dynasty • 1526, Turkish and Mongol invaders pour through the mountain passes in India • Barbur – descendent of Genghiz Khan and Tamerlane • Mughal Ruled from 1526-1857 • Akbar the Great – grandson of Barbur • policy of toleration • opened gov’t to members of all castes • modernized the army • Encouraged international trade • Introduced land reforms • Nur Jahan – wife of Akbar’s son, who ruled India • Decline • Late 1600s • persecution of Hindus • Economic hardship increased under heavy taxes • Revolts against Mughal rule • Europe set to pounce

34. India Migration of Indian beliefs and ideas • Indian merchants and Hindu priests filtered into SE Asia – spreading what? • Sanskrit writing, Indian Law, Gov’t, Art, Architecture, Farming, and Religion • Indians settled in port cities • married into influential families • Indian beliefs and ideas won widespread acceptance; influence reached its peak between 500 and 1000 A.D.

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36. India Age of Exploration • Prior to 1700, India had yet to capture Europe’s attention • Mughal Dynasty falling apart • French and English traders scramble for power and influence in India • Creation of the British and French East India companies, which made alliances with local officials • Creation of Sepoys (Indian troops organized by the Brits and French) • Sepoys kept order in areas ruled by the companies • By the late 1700s, the British East India Company was in-charge; would spread its influence and power into other parts of India

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38. India Who’s the Boss: Britain • TTYN: How were the Brits able to conquer such as vast territory? Keep in mind, India was home to many people and cultures • Cultural Diffusion is to blame. After the Mughal Dynasty collapsed, India fragmented. Different languages and different traditions, Indians were unable to unite against a common enemy. • The Brits played one sect against the other • When diplomacy didn’t work, their superior weapons would • TTYN: What is the primary goal of a company • to make money …. And the East India Company was no different

39. India Conversion • By 1800, Britain began a conversion process of the Indian people • Education • Legal procedures • Missionaries sent to convert Indians to Christianity • Social Change: End slavery and the Caste system • Improve the position of women within the family • for example, outlawed the practice of Sati, which called for Hindu women to join their husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral fire.

40. India • Sepoy Rebellion • Causes • Threats to their institutions and beliefs • New ideas of education • Economic discrimination • Military deployment – for some, this was against their religion (travel overseas) • Sepoys were to use greased cartridges for their weapons, which were rumored to be greased with cow or hog fat – prohibited by Hindu and Muslim religions

41. India • Sepoy Rebellion • What happened in Meerut? • The Sepoys broke rand and killed • every European and Indian Christian they • could find, including all women and children. Violence would spread to other cities. • For 14 months, revolts would continue until overwhelming power and force would put the rebellion down • Lacked leadership and unity

42. India A Watershed Moment • Though the "Sepoy Mutiny" began among native soldiers, it spread like fire within the others disaffected by the British rule.; later the Indians were to name it the Great War of Independence. • The rebellion was the great watershed in the history of British India. • The mutiny’s most immediate consequence was a military reorganization: the mutiny also made the English realize the extent of the Indians' dissatisfaction. in 1858, the government of India is transferred from the East Indian Company to the British crown. • In 1858, the Queen issued a proclamation saying that all were her subjects and that there would be no discrimination, appointments would be made on the basis of merit, and that there would be no interference in religious matters. • The British government did not honor the Queen's promises in the succeeding years. • After the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the nationalist movement started to expand in the hearts and minds of more and more Indians. 

43. India From unequal partner to colonial rule • 1858, Colonial Rule • Brits held top positions; Indians cooperated and filled the other jobs • India becomes the “brightest jewel” in the crown of their empire • India viewed as a market and as a source of raw materials • Westernize and Modernize • Railroad system • Communication (telegraph) • G.B. floods India with inexpensive machine-made goods, ruining India's once prosperous hand-weaving industry = economic hardship • Demand for Cash Crops such as cotton, which led to deforestation • New farming methods + increased food production = population growth • Which leads to? • Famine – strain on food supply; couldn’t keep up with population

44. India • On the bright side • British rule brings peace and order to the countryside; revised legal system; promote justice for Indians regardless of class • Upper Class Indians bought into Westernization – educating their sons in Britain. • Indian landlords who worked with Britain benefited financially by exporting their cash crops. • Railroads, Postal System and Communication • TTYN – How does modernization fuel nationalism?

45. India • Nationalism • Western-educated Indians emerge; lead the nationalist movement • schooled in western ideals such as democracy and equality • 1855, Indian National Congress organized …The Congress Party • Professionals and Business leaders – believed in peaceful protest • Believed in western-style modernization • The Radical Side to Nationalism • Restore Indian languages and Hindu and Muslim cultures • BY the early 1900s protests and resistance increased • Demanded not only self-rule but complete independence

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