[virtual] cells

1. [virtual] cells

2. course layout • introduction • molecular biology • biotechnology • bioMEMS • bioinformatics • bio-modeling • cells and e-cells • transcription and regulation • cell communication • neural networks • dna computing • fractals and patterns • the birds and the bees ….. and ants

3. introduction

4. size

5. size

6. size

7. cells Humans 60 trillion cells 320 cell types

8. the cell theory • The Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living organisms • The activity of an organism is dependent on both the individual and collective activities of its cells • Cell actions are determined and made possible by specific subcellular structures • Cells come from cells

9. the cellular basis of life • The cell is the unit of life: it contains everything needed to survive. • Complex • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and traces of others • organized into multiple structures = organelles • each type needed for survival • Many different shapes and sizes • Neurons • Blood cells • ……

10. neuron

11. red blood cells

12. cell components 3 basic parts • Nucleus • Cytoplasm • all cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus • organelles = specialized internal structures • Plasma membrane

13. cell components

14. cell components • lysosomesforms spindle fibres to separate chromosomes during celldivision • golgi apparatusfinal packaging location for proteins and lipids and distribution • centriolemodifies chemicals to make them functional; secretes chemicals in tiny vesicles; stores chemicals; may produce endoplasmic reticulum • endoplasmic reticulumtransports chemicals between cells and within cells; - provides a large surface area for the organizationof chemical reactions and synthesis http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/cells.htm

15. lipid layer

16. lipid layer

17. lipid layer

18. cytoplasm Organelles to know • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Rough endoplasmic reticulum = Rough ER • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum = Smooth ER • Golgi apparatus • Lysosomes • Peroxisomes • Nucleus • Nucleoli

19. nucleus • cell’s control center • usually visible • nuclear envelope • double membrane • nuclear pores in membrane allow passage of substances between cytoplasm and nucleus • contains the hereditary material = DNA • carries instructions for making proteins • determines cell structure, coordinates activities of the cell

20. nucleus

21. nucleolus Nucleoli • Darker staining, oval/spherical bodies within the nucleus • Clusters of DNA, RNA, and protein (not membrane-bound) • Site of ribosome assembly

30. cells

31. Single cells but can be filamentous Small streamlined genomes No complex organelles Fast cell cycle No membrane defined nucleus No large visible chromosomes Membrane defined nucleus Complex cytoplasmic organelles Slow cell cycle Complex development Large genome with introns Multiple chromosomes prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

32. prokaryotic cell

33. prokaryotic cell

34. eukaryotic cell

35. eukaryotic cell • Rough endoplasmic reticulum-site of secreted protein synthesis • Smooth ER-site of fatty acid synthesis • Ribosomes-site of protein synthesis • Golgi apparatus- site of modification and sorting of secreted proteins • Lysosomes-recycling of polymers and organelles • Nucleus-double membrane structure confining the chromosomes • Nucleolus-site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomes • Peroxisome-site of fatty acid and amino acid degradation • Flagella/Cilia- involved in motility • Mitochondria-site of oxidative phosphorylation • Chloroplast-site of photosynthesis • Intermediate filaments- involved in cytoskeleton structure

36. eukaryotic cell

37. eukaryotic cell

38. plant vs animal cells • Plant cells have chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis • Outermost barrier in plant cells is the cell wall • Outermost barrier in animal cells is the plasma membrane

39. plant cell 5 µm

40. plant cell 1 µm

41. plant cell

42. chloroplast

43. chloroplast 20 µm

44. mitochondria

45. mitochondria • break large molecules into small molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond • produces energy

46. mitochondria

47. cell evolution

48. cell evolution

49. cell evolution

50. T4 bacteriophage