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Antecedent-Consequent Rules

Antecedent-Consequent Rules. Rn: IF condition 1 condition 2 ... THEN consequent 1 consequent 2 . Zookeeper (1). Z1: IF ?x has hair THEN ?x is a mammal Z2: IF ?x gives milk THEN ?x is a mammal Z3: IF ?x has feathers THEN ?x is a bird

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Antecedent-Consequent Rules

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  1. Antecedent-Consequent Rules • Rn: IF condition 1 • condition 2 • ... • THEN consequent 1 • consequent 2 • ...

  2. Zookeeper (1) • Z1: IF ?x has hair • THEN ?x is a mammal • Z2: IF ?x gives milk • THEN ?x is a mammal • Z3: IF ?x has feathers • THEN ?x is a bird • Z4: IF ?x flies • ?x lays eggs • THEN ?x is a bird

  3. Zookeeper (2) • Z5: IF ?x is a mammal • ?x eats meat • THEN ?x is a carnivore • Z6: IF ?x is a mammal • ?x has pointed teeth • ?x has claws • ?x has forward-looking eyes • THEN ?x is a carnivore

  4. Zookeeper (3) • Z7: IF ?x is a mammal • ?x has hooves • THEN ?x is an ungulate • Z8: IF ?x is a mammal • ?x chews cud • THEN ?x is an ungulate

  5. Zookeeper (4) • Z9: IF ?x is a carnivore • ?x has tawny color • ?x has dark spots • THEN ?x is a cheetah • Z10: IF ?x is a carnivore • ?x has tawny color • ?x has black stripes • THEN ?x is a tiger

  6. Zookeeper (5) • Z11: IF ?x is an ungulate • ?x has long legs • ?x has long neck • ?x has tawny color • ?x has dark spots • THEN ?x is a giraffe • Z12: IF ?x is an ungulate • ?x has white color • ?x has black stripes • THEN ?x is a zebra

  7. Zookeeper (6) • Z13: IF ?x is a bird • ?x does not fly • ?x has long legs • ?x has long neck • ?x is black and white • THEN ?x is an ostrich

  8. Zookeeper (7) • Z14: IF ?x is a bird • ?x does not fly • ?x swims • ?x is black and white • THEN ?x is a penguin • Z15: IF ?x is a bird • ?x is a good flyer • THEN ?x is an albatross

  9. Initial Database • Stretch has hair • Stretch chews cud • Stretch has long legs • Stretch has long neck • Stretch has tawny color • Stretch has dark spots

  10. Forward Chaining

  11. Initial Database • Swifty has forward-looking eyes • Swifty has claws • Swifty has pointed teeth • Swifty has hair • Swifty has tawny color • Swifty has dark spots

  12. Backward Chaining

  13. Mycin (1) • What is the patient’s name? • John Doe. • Male or female? • Male. • Age? • He is 55. • Have you obtained positive cultures indicating general type? • Yes. • What type of infection is it? • Primary bacteremia.

  14. Mycin (2) • When did symptoms first appear? • May 5. • Let’s call the most recent positive culture C1. From what site was C1 taken? • From the blood. • When? • May 9. • Let’s call the first significant organism from this culture U1. Do you know the identity of U1? • No.

  15. Mycin (3) • Is U1 a rod or a coccus or something else? • Rod. • What is the gram stain of U1? • Gram-negative. • Have there been positive cultures from sites that are not associated with the infections about which you are seeking advice? • No. • Did U1 grow aerobically? • Yes. • …

  16. Mycin (4) • My recommendation will be based on the opinion that the identity of U1 may be • 1. Pseudomonas-aeruginosa • 2. Klebsiella-pneumoniae • 3. E. coli • 4. Bacteroides-fragilis • 5. Enterobacter • 6. Proteus-nonmirabilis

  17. Mycin Rules • M88: IF ?x’s type is primary bacteremia • the suspected entry point of ?x • is the gastrointentinal tract • the site of the culture of ?x • is one of the sterile sites • THEN there is evidence that ?x is • bacteroides

  18. General Information

  19. Bagger (1) • B1: IF step is check-order • potato chips are to be bagged • there is no Pepsi to be bagged • THEN ask the customer whether he • would like a bottle of Pepsi • B2: IF step is check-order • DELETE step is check-order • ADD step is bag-large-items

  20. Bagger (2) • B3: IF step is bag-large-items • a large item is to be bagged • the large item is a bottle • the current bag contains less • than 6 large items • DELETE the large item is to be bagged • ADD the large item is in the current • bag

  21. Bagger (3) • B4: IF step is bag-large-items • a large item is to be bagged • the current bag contains less • than 6 large items • DELETE the large item is to be bagged • ADD the large item is in the current • bag

  22. Bagger (4) • B5: IF step is bag-large-items • a large item is to be bagged • an empty bag is available • DELETE the current bag is the current • bag • ADD the empty bag is the current bag • B6: IF step is bag-large-items • DELETE step is bag-large-items • ADD step is bag-medium-items

  23. Bagger (5) • B7: IF step is bag-medium-items • a medium item is frozen, but • not in a freezer bag • DELETE the medium item is not in a • freezer bag • ADD the medium item is in a freezer • bag

  24. Bagger (6) • B8: IF step is bag-medium-items • a medium item is to be bagged • the current bag is empty or • contains only medium items • the current bag contains less • than 12 medium items • DELETE the medium item is to be bagged • ADD the medium item is in the • current bag

  25. Bagger (7) • B9: IF step is bag-medium-items • a medium item is to be bagged • an empty bag is available • DELETE the current bag is the current • bag • ADD the empty bag is the current bag • B10: IF step is bag-medium-items • DELETE step is bag-medium-items • ADD step is bag-small-items

  26. Bagger (8) • B11: IF step is bag-small-items • a small item is to be bagged • the current bag is empty or • contains only small items • the current bag contains less • than 18 small items • DELETE the small item is to be bagged • ADD the small item is in the current • bag

  27. Bagger (9) • B12: IF step is bag-small-items • a small item is to be bagged • an empty bag is available • DELETE the current bag is the current • bag • ADD the empty bag is the current bag • B13: IF step is bag-small-items • DELETE step is bag-small-items • ADD step is done

  28. Initial State • 1. Step is check-order • 2. Bread is to be bagged • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4. Cornflakes are to be bagged • 5. Ice cream is to be bagged • 6. Potato chips are to be bagged • 7. Bag1 is a bag

  29. After B1 • 1. Step is check-order • 2. Bread is to be bagged • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4. Cornflakes are to be bagged • 5. Ice cream is to be bagged • 6. Potato chips are to be bagged • 7. Bag1 is current bag • 8. Pepsi is to be bagged

  30. After B2 • 1’. Step is bag-large-items • 2. Bread is to be bagged • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4. Cornflakes are to be bagged • 5. Ice cream is to be bagged • 6. Potato chips are to be bagged • 7. Bag1 is current bag • 8. Pepsi is to be bagged

  31. After B3 • 1’. Step is bag-large-items • 2. Bread is to be bagged • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4. Cornflakes are to be bagged • 5. Ice cream is to be bagged • 6. Potato chips are to be bagged • 7. Bag1 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1

  32. After B4 • 1’. Step is bag-large-items • 2. Bread is to be bagged • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4’. Cornflakes are in Bag1 • 5. Ice cream is to be bagged • 6. Potato chips are to be bagged • 7. Bag1 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1

  33. After B6 • 1’’. Step is bag-medium-items • 2. Bread is to be bagged • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4’. Cornflakes are in Bag1 • 5. Ice cream is to be bagged • 6. Potato chips are to be bagged • 7. Bag1 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1

  34. After B7 • 1’’. Step is bag-medium-items • 2. Bread is to be bagged • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4’. Cornflakes are in Bag1 • 5. Ice cream is to be bagged • 6. Potato chips are to be bagged • 7. Bag1 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1 • 9. Ice cream is in freezer bag

  35. After B9 • 1’’. Step is bag-medium-items • 2. Bread is to be bagged • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4’. Cornflakes are in Bag1 • 5. Ice cream is to be bagged • 6. Potato chips are to be bagged • 7’. Bag2 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1 • 9. Ice cream is in freezer bag

  36. After B8 • 1’’. Step is bag-medium-items • 2’. Bread is in Bag2 • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4’. Cornflakes are in Bag1 • 5. Ice cream is to be bagged • 6. Potato chips are to be bagged • 7’. Bag2 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1 • 9. Ice cream is in freezer bag

  37. After B8 • 1’’. Step is bag-medium-items • 2’. Bread is in Bag2 • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4’. Cornflakes are in Bag1 • 5’. Ice cream is in Bag2 • 6. Potato chips are to be bagged • 7’. Bag2 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1 • 9. Ice cream is in freezer bag

  38. After B8 • 1’’. Step is bag-medium-items • 2’. Bread is in Bag2 • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4’. Cornflakes are in Bag1 • 5’. Ice cream is in Bag2 • 6’. Potato chips are in Bag2 • 7’. Bag2 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1 • 9. Ice cream is in freezer bag

  39. After B10 • 1’’. Step is bag-small-items • 2’. Bread is in Bag2 • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4’. Cornflakes are in Bag1 • 5’. Ice cream is in Bag2 • 6’. Potato chips are in Bag2 • 7’. Bag2 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1 • 9. Ice cream is in freezer bag

  40. After B12 • 1’’. Step is bag-small-items • 2’. Bread is in Bag2 • 3. Jam is to be bagged • 4’. Cornflakes are in Bag1 • 5’. Ice cream is in Bag2 • 6’. Potato chips are in Bag2 • 7’’. Bag3 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1 • 9. Ice cream is in freezer bag

  41. After B11 • 1’’. Step is bag-small-items • 2’. Bread is in Bag2 • 3’. Jam is in Bag3 • 4’. Cornflakes are in Bag1 • 5’. Ice cream is in Bag2 • 6’. Potato chips are in Bag2 • 7’’. Bag3 is current bag • 8’. Pepsi is in Bag1 • 9. Ice cream is in freezer bag

  42. R1 (XCON) • IF the context is doing layout and • assigning a power supply • an SBI module of any type has been put • in a cabinet • the position that the SBI module • occupies is known • there is space available for a power • supply • there is no available power supply • the voltage and frequency of the • components are known • THEN add an appropriate power supply

  43. R1 (XCON) • IF the context is doing layout and • assigning a power supply • an SBI module of any type has been put • in a cabinet • the position that the SBI module • occupies is known • there is space available for a power • supply • there is an available power supply • THEN put the power supply in the cabinet in • the available space

  44. Valuable Facts • 1. Comet is-a horse • 2. Prancer is-a horse • 3. Comet is-a-parent-of Dasher • 4. Comet is-a-parent-of Prancer • 5. Prancer is fast • 6. Dasher is-a-parent-of Thunder • 7. Thunder is fast • 8. Thunder is-a horse • 9. Dasher is-a horse

  45. Valuable Rule • IF ?x is-a horse • ?x is-a-parent of ?y • ?y is fast • THEN ?x is valuable

  46. Forward Chaining (1)

  47. Forward Chaining (2)

  48. Backward Chaining (1)

  49. Backard Chaining (2)

  50. More Valuable Information • IF ?w is-a winner • THEN ?w is fast • 10. Dasher is-a winner • 11. Prancer is-a winner

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