Aim : How Can We Describe Ecology and the terms used in the unit.

1. Aim: How Can We Describe Ecology and the terms used in the unit. Do Now: Explain how Genetic engineering can help a person with diabetes. H.W.: Read Pages 684 – 687 Do Questions 1-5

2. Ecology The study of the relationships between organisms and their environments.

3. What is Ecology? • Ecology is the study of organisms and their environments. • An Environment is the surroundings of an organism. • An Organism is any living thing

4. What do organisms get from their environment? • Organisms need Food, Gases, Water, Shelter, and proper Temperature.

5. What is an Ecosystem? • An ecosystem is a group of organisms and their environment. • Examples of an ecosystem are: Pond, forest, fish tank, desert.

6. What are the two types of Factors in an ecosystem? • An Abiotic Factor is any non-living part of an environment. • Examples are: Light, water, air, soil, and rocks. • A Biotic Factors is any Living part of an environment. • Examples are: Animals, plants, fungi, protists and bacteria.

7. What is a Community? • A community is all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem. • What is a population? • A Population is the number of One species in an ecosystem. • Examples are: # of bald eagles.

8. What is a Habitat? • A Habitat is an organisms home. • Examples are: Under a rock, a nest, hole in a tree. • What does a habitat provide? • All the things the organisms need to survive. • Ex: Shelter, food, water.

9. What is a Niche? • A Niche is the role an organism plays in an ecosystem and its environment – How it obtains food and shelter, finds a mate, cares for young, and avoids danger. • Examples are: Decomposer, herbavore in a field and herbavore in a tree are separate niches. • What are limiting factors? • Limiting factors are things that control the size of the populations of a species. • Examples are: Predators/prey, food, water, disease, weather.

10. Aim: How can we describe how organisms affect each other? • Do Now: Explain the difference between an Ecosystem, a community and population? • H.W.: Read 696 – 700 do questions 1-4.

11. How do Organisms affect each other? • Competition: • Competition is when two different species need the same resources from the environment. • Examples are: deer and Elk in the same forest.

12. Mutualism • Mutualism is when two different species help each other out. • Examples are: Sea anemone and clown fish; butterfly and flower.

13. Parasitism • Parasitism is when one organism takes advantage of another. • Examples are: Fleas and ticks on dogs.

14. Commensalism • Commensalism is when one organism lives on another but does not hurt the other organism. • Examples are: Moss on a tree.

15. Aim: How can we describe the different Biomes of Earth? • Do Now: 1. Hand in H.W. 2. Compare and contrast Mutualism, Commensalism and Parasitism. • H.W.: Read Pages 744 – 751 do questions 1-5

16. Biomes There are 6 major biomes on Earth.

17. What is a Biome? • A biome is an environment with a specific climate (weather) and ecological community (organisms).

18. 1. Deciduous Forest • Four seasons – warm summer + cool winters. • Trees lose leaves in fall. • Very fertile soil. • Oak, elm, maple, beech • Deer, squirrels, birds, fox • Deforestation (cutting down the forest) is a problem.

19. 2. Coniferous Forest • Cold and Moist. • Conifer trees (have needles + produce cones). • Poor soil • Bear, lynx, owls, mouse, beaver. • Found in mountains. • Deforestation is a problem.

20. 3. Rain Forest • Hot and wet – lots of rain. • Tropical – near equator. • Trees grow all year. • Large variety of organisms (biodiversity) • Parrots, lizards, monkeys, frogs • Animals live in trees. • Deforestation is a problem.

21. 4. Desert • Hot and very dry. • Plants store water in leaves and trunks. • Cactus and shrubs. • Lizards, rodents, camels. • Many animals are nocturnal. • Irrigation for farming is a problem.

22. 5. Grassland/Savanna • Mostly grasses – not enough rain for trees. • USA – bison, mice, snakes, hawks. • Africa – lions, zebra, antelope. • Overuse by farmers and cattle is a problem.

23. 6. Tundra • Cold and dry. • Frozen soil called permafrost. • Small plants, grasses, lichens, moss. • Caribou, wolves, oxen, fox. Have thick fur to stay warm. • Oil drilling can be a problem here.

24. Aim: How can we describe the different Biomes of Earth? • Do Now: 1. Hand in H.W. 2. Describe the major factor that determines a biome and the nature of that factor for each biome. • H.W.: Write a paragraph – Which biome would you want to live in most? Why might you not want to live there?

25. Aim: How can we describe Energy roles and EnergyFlow in an ecosystem? • Do Now: 1. Take out H.W. • 2. • H.W.:

26. Energy Roles and Energy Flow in an Ecosystem. All Energy enters an ecosystem from the sun and is cycled in the ecosystem through the organisms which Live there.

27. Producer • A producer is an organism which makes its own food. • Ex: Plants.

28. Consumer • A consumer is an organism which eats other organisms. • There are 5 types of consumers: • Herbivore. • Carnivore. • Omnivore. • Scavenger. • Decomposer.

29. Herbivores • A Herbivore is an animal that eats Only plants. • Examples are: deer, cow, horse, rabbit.

30. Carnivores • A carnivore is an animal that eats Only animals. • Examples are: Snake, owl, lion, shark.

31. Omnivores • An Omnivore is an animal that eats both plants and animals. • Examples are: Rat, raccoon, bear, human.

32. Scavengers • A Scavenger is an animal that eats dead organisms. • Examples are: Vulture, hyena, ants.

33. Decomposers • A Decomposer is an organism which breaks down dead organisms and wastes into simple substances and returns them to the soil. • Examples are: Bacteria, fungi.

34. Food Chains • Food chains show ONE path of ENERGY () from one organism to another. • Example of a food chain is as follows:

35. Food Pyramids • Food Pyramids show relationships between these organisms in a balanced ecosystem. Owl .1% Mouse 1% Grasshopper 10% Grain 100% Suns Energy Sun

36. As Energy Flows through the Food Pyramid from bottom to top… • Size of the organism Increases. (Predators are larger than prey). • Number of the organisms decrease. (more prey than predators). • Mass of the organisms decreases. (fewer organisms on top). • Energy available decreases. (energy is lost from life process).

37. What is a Food Web? • A Food Web shows many paths of energy in a community.

38. What is a food web? • A food web shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

39. Food Chains and Webs • Identify the parts of the food web. • Source of energy – Sun. • Producers – Pine tree, grass, algae, green plants. • Consumers – Deer, hawk, rabbit, dragonfly, frog, turtle, worm, fish, tadpole, human. • Decomposers – bacteria and worm • Abiotic factors – mud, sand, water, rock, air, sun, cloud.

40. Give Examples of a Food Chain from the Food Web. • Grass  Rabbit  hawk • Algae  Fish  human.

41. The Water Cycle • Water is heated and evaporates (turns to gas) • As the water rises, it cools and condenses (turns to liquid) • This forms into clouds • The water falls back to • Earth as precipitation • (rain, snow)

42. The Carbon Dioxide – Oxygen Cycle • Animals take in O2 for respiration and release CO2 as a waste product • Plants take in CO2 for photosynthesis and release O2 as a waste • product • 3. CO2 is also • released during • decay

43. The Nitrogen Cycle • Plants take in nitrogen to make proteins. • Animals eat plants and other animals to get proteins. • When animals die • or release wastes • the nitrogen is • decomposed by • bacteria and is • returned to the soil • for plants to use • again.

44. Succession Def: A gradual change in an ecosystem over time. Changes in the abiotic environment cause changes in the biotic life. Primary Succession – First growth on bare rock (rock, lava, cement). There is no soil. Small plants (moss, lichen) and no animals. Secondary Succession – Plant life begins to change as soil develops. Animals are present and change as plant life changes. Ex: overgrown field, forest fire, pond filling in Climax Community –A stable community which remains unchanged for 100 - 1000 years. Ex: Rainforest, desert

47. Life Cycles The changes in an organism from birth to adulthood Incomplete metamorphosis: Young looks like smaller version of parents. Complete metamorphosis: Young do not look like parents.