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Literature Review

This literature review explores the use of ethnographic methods in the design and evaluation of positioning systems and location-aware content. It discusses the principles of ethnography, different ethnographic methods, and the integration of global positioning technology in creating location-aware applications. The review also examines the Invisible Ideas project, which uses GPS technology to provide site-specific content to users in different locations.

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Literature Review

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  1. Literature Review INF5261 Kham Viravong - khamphiv Paulo Fierro - paulof

  2. Chosen Literature • Theme: EthnographyJason Burke, Andrea Kirk: Ethnographic Methods Choosing Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Appropriate Research MethodsURL: http://www.otal.umd.edu/hci-rm/ethno.html • Theme: Positioning SystemsSchilit, et al. Challenge: Ubiquitous Location-Aware Computing and the “Place Lab” Initiative. WMASH’03, September 19, 2003, San Diego, California, USA.URL: http://www.ischool.washington.edu/mcdonald/papers/Schilit.WMASH.pdf • Theme: Location-Aware ContentBill Perry: The Invisible Ideas Project: Using Mobile Devices, Macromedia Flash, and Global Positioning SystemsMacromedia Mobile Devices Developer CenterURL: http://www.macromedia.com/devnet/devices/articles/invisible_ideas.html

  3. Ethnography “Ethnography is in itself not so much a method as a category of human-computer interaction research” • adapted from sociology and anthropology • a method of observing human interactions in social settings and activities • people in their cultural context

  4. Ethnography • a powerful assessment of users' needs • uncovers the true nature of the system user's job • ethnographer plays the role of the end-user • open-ended and unbiased nature of ethnography allows for discovery

  5. Ethnographic Methods • Concurrent Ethnography or Ethnomethodology • Evaluative Ethnography • Quick and Dirty Method • Rapid Ethnography

  6. Ethnography: Design Principles • Use ethnographic methods early in the design process   • Have a well-defined scope • Choose a proper level of ethnographic study   • Make use of previous ethnographic studies   • Wear one hat at a time

  7. Positioning Systems ”vision of ubiquitous location aware computing” • Open software base • Community building

  8. Global Wi-Fi Positioning • Client-computed positioning using wireless access points (APs) • Association with access points • Signal strength of AP beacons • Signal strength of multiple AP beacons

  9. Bootstrapping Global Wi-Fi Positioning • Create a rough incomplete map of hotspots • Build the Wi-Fi Positioning database by aggregating and statistically processing AP ”sightings” (detection) • Place Bar in web browser to relay selected location information • Privacy issues

  10. Location-Aware ContentInvisible Ideas “Imagine you're a mouse and the physical world is your screen” • A location-aware application that displays site-specific audio and visual content on the Pocket PC to users as they stroll through several Boston parks using GPS

  11. Overview • 147 artist exhibitions in 3 parks • Radius trigger • GPS -> text file -> Flash app

  12. The user interface • A passive experience • Thumb-navigated • Simple non-distracting interface

  13. Using GPS • C++ app used as gateway to GPS receiver • C++ app provides an API • User tracking

  14. Summary • Content stored locally • Content loaded based on location • Location via GPS • First real-world use of Flash + GPS on a PDA

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