How Do I Connect With What is Beneath My Feet and Within My Reach?

1. How Do I Connect With What is Beneath My Feet and Within My Reach?

2. Draw a Picture Map of the Earth Forming Events • Small dot containing all mass and energy appears • Big bang • Universe unfolds • Formation of Stars and Galaxies • Our Sun forms in a nebula on a spiral arm of the Milky Way • Rocks collide and form Earth on the Sun’s accretion disk • Hydrogen and Helium escape from Earth’s early atmosphere into space • Earth’s crust cools and forms volcanoes • Volcanoes release H2O, CO2 and NH3 • Water vapor condenses into liquid oceans where carbon dioxide is absorbed • Ancient bacteria appear in oceans where they use water and carbon dioxide to produce food and release oxygen as a waste. (photosynthesis) • Oxygen accumulates over time leading to Earth’s modern atmosphere. • Air rises from the dense troposphere to the less dense exosphere.

3. Scientists believe that 93% of the mass in our body is stardust.

4. Percentage of Elements in the Human Body

5. The First Atoms According to scientists, the early universe expanded after the big bang for only 3 seconds before it cooled to a state where subatomic particles assembled into atoms. Hydrogen atoms formed first since they are the simplest type of atom. Hydrogen atoms contain only one proton in its nucleus which makes it number one on the periodic table of elements.

6. Hydrogen Fuses and Stars are Born After the universe aged a little (roughly 300 million years) scientists think the hydrogen atoms started to clump together under the force of gravity. As these clumps grew in size, the pressure at the center grew larger. When the temperature reached 15 million degrees F, the pressure caused the hydrogen to fuse their nuclei together. As energy released energy new stars began to glow. Nuclei of 2 Hydrogen Atoms P+ P+ Nuclear Fusion P+ P+ ENERGY RELEASE P+ Helium Atom Produced P+ When the nuclei of the two hydrogen atoms fuse, they form a nucleus consisting of two protons. An atom with two protons in its nucleus is Helium.

7. Through the nuclear fusion process, stars can produce each of the first 26 elements on the periodic table. As a star grows older, it expands. Each layer of material fuses together to make a new layer inside it.

8. Super Nova • The last element that stars create is iron (atomic #26). • After a star has created iron, fusion stops and the hot burning core begins to cool. Main sequence stars, like our Sun, will glow red until its energy is drained. • The force of gravity causes super giant stars to implode with enough energy to immediately fuse its remaining atoms into heavier elements like Nickel, Krypton, Gold, Uranium,… etc. This quick and violent implosion releases an enormous amount of energy and matter. The elements the star produced are spread into the universe where they are captured in the dust of newly forming stars and their planets.

9. Elements produced by a universe of stars were captured in a nebula that formed our Sun. In turn, the elements were captured by Earth during its formation within the Sun’s accretion disk.

10. Do We Stand on Terrestrial (rocky) Planet;or a Jovian (gas) Planet and is it Round or Flat?

11. Earth: a Terrestrial Planet Higher Temperatures Lower Temperatures The inner planets are made almost entirely of rock and metal and form the group known as the terrestrial planets. As the terrestrial planets formed, hydrogen compounds, such as water and methane remained gaseous inside the frost line where temperatures are higher. The heavier rocky and metallic materials condensed. Outside the frost line where temperatures are cooler, the Jovian planets formed from frozen light-weight hydrogen compounds and bits of rock.

12. Of course, Earth is round but…. WHAT IF it was flat?

13. SPHERE vs. FLAT PLANE The center of mass of a flat plane is in its center. If you stand on the edge of the plane, gravity will be pulling you sideways, toward the middle, not straight down like you usually experience. The gravitational force that pulls you inward would be the strongest near the center of the plane. Since a sphere has a consistent shape, no matter where on it you stand, you have exactly the same amount of sphere under you and the gravitational force pulling you down to Earth is mostly constant.

14. Gravity Keeps Earth in Shape The heavy rocks and metals added to Earth’s mass. The force of gravity pulled all matter collected by Earth inward towards our planet’s center of gravity resulting in a sphere. Of course, the Earth isn’t perfectly round. Because it’s rotating on its axis approximately once every 24 hours, the Earth’s equator bulges outwards. And there are mountains and valleys that make the Earth’s surface rough. GRAVITY GRAVITY GRAVITY GRAVITY GRAVITY 24 hours GRAVITY GRAVITY 365.24 days

15. Jovian Planets: Faster and Flatter The Jovian planets are all slightly oblong. The Jovian planets rotate much faster than any of the terrestrial worlds. Gravity by itself would make a planet spherical, but their rapid rotation flattens out their spherical shapes by flinging material near the equator outward. Observations of clouds at different latitudes suggest that the Jovian planets rotate at different speeds near their equators than near their poles.JOVIAN "DAYS“Jupiter : 10 hoursSaturn : 10 hoursUranus : 16-17 hoursNeptune : 16-17 hours

16. What lies beneath my feet and WITHIN my reach?

17. Density of Earth’s Gaseous Atmosphere = 0.013 g/cm3 EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

18. The Atmosphere on Gas Planets Density of Jupiter’s Gaseous Atmosphere= 0.0002 g/cm3 The Jovian planet atmospheres are mainly Hydrogen and Helium with smaller amounts of Methane and Ammonia. Jupiter and Saturn have similar interiors, with layers extending outward of metallic hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, gaseous hydrogen, and topped with a layer of visible clouds. Each “gas planet” has a core deep beneath its atmosphere layers that contains rock, metals and hydrogen compounds. Just like the terrestrial planets, the deeper you go, the hotter and denser it gets. Moving toward the core, an increase in temperature and density leads to an increase in pressure.

19. Density of Earth = 5.52 g/cm3 Earth might not be the biggest planet in the solar system but it is the MOST DENSE! WHY? Density of Jupiter= 1.34 g/cm3

20. What if you dropped each planet in a galactic-sized glass of water. Which would sink? Which would float? Jupiter Saturn Neptune Uranus P Mercury Mars Venus Earth

21. Layers of the Earth Over 70% of the surface is coated in water which collects In Earth’s HYDROSPHERE. Earth’s oceans float atop the rocks and dirt that make up what we know as land. This makes sense because of the concepts of densityand buoyancy. Less dense objects rise above the denser ones, which sink to the bottom. We can use this reasoning to explain much more than just Earth’s oceans.

22. Density and buoyancy explains why ice floats on water, why a helium balloon rises through the atmosphere and why rocks sink to the bottom of an ocean. Density and buoyancy also explains why the Earth is layered the way it is. Density of Earth’s Frozen Ice = 1.0 g/cm3 Density of Earth’s Salt Water = 1.03 g/cm3 Density of Earth’s Fresh Water = 1.0 g/cm3 Density of Basalt (ocean rock) = 2.8 -3.0 g/cm3 Density of Helium = 0.0002 g/cm3 Density of Earth’s Atmosphere = 0.013 g/cm3

23. Earth’s Layers Density of Earth’s Layers

24. (Lithosphere) Temperature: 1000 – 3000+ 0C Temperature: 34000C Temperature: 4300 0C

25. Chemical Composition of Earth’s Layers • Oxygen is the most abundant element in rocks in Earth's crust, composing roughly 47 percent of the weight of all rock. • The second most abundant element is silicon at 27 percent, followed by aluminum at 8 percent, iron at 5 percent, calcium at 4 percent, and sodium, potassium, and magnesium at about 2 percent each. • Earth's core consists mostly of iron and nickel and potentially smaller amounts of lighter elements such as sulfur and oxygen. • The mantle is made of iron and magnesium-rich silicate rocks.

26. Earth’s Internal structure Earth's core is about 4,400 miles (7,100 km) wide, slightly larger than half the Earth's diameter and roughly the size of Mars. The outermost 1,400 miles (2,250 km) of the core are liquid, while the inner core — about four-fifths as big as Earth's moon at some 1,600 miles (2,600 km) in diameter — is solid. Geologists think the temperature of Earth's outer core is about 6,700 to 7,800 degrees F (3,700 to 4,300 degrees C), and the inner core may reach 12,600 degrees F (7,000 degrees C), hotter than the surface of the sun. Only the enormous pressures found at the super-hot inner core keep it solid. Above the core is Earth's mantle, which is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) thick. The mantle is not completely stiff, but can flow slowly. Earth's crust floats on the mantle much as a wood floats on water, and the slow motion of rock in the mantle shuffles continents around and causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and the formation of mountain ranges. Above the mantle, Earth has two kinds of crust. The dry land of the continents consists mostly of granite and other light silicate minerals, while the ocean floors are made up mostly of a dark, dense volcanic rock called basalt. Continental crust averages some 25 miles (40 km) thick, although it can be thinner or thicker in some areas. At the bottom of the continental crust, temperatures reach about 1,800 degrees F (1,000 degrees C), increasing about 3 degrees F per mile (1 degree C per kilometer) below the crust. Oceanic crust is usually only about 5 miles (8 km) thick. Water fills in low areas of the basalt crust to form the world's oceans. Earth has more than enough water to completely fill the ocean basins, and the rest of it spreads onto edges of the continents, areas known as the continental shelf.

27. Add to your Picture Map of Earth Forming Events • Small dot containing all mass and energy appears • Big bang • Universe unfolds • Hydrogen atoms appear. • Formation of Stars and Galaxies in clouds of hydrogen. • Stars produce heavy elements during nuclear fusion. • Our Sun forms in a nebula on a spiral arm of the Milky Way • Rocks collide and form Earth inside the frost line on the Sun’s accretion disk • The heavy rocks and metals added to Earth’s mass. The force of gravity pulled all matter collected by Earth inward resulting in a sphere. • Hydrogen and Helium escape from Earth’s early atmosphere into space • Earth’s crust cools and forms volcanoes • Heavier metals and rocks sink toward the center of Earth and settle according to their densities forming Earth’s solid layers. • Volcanoes release H2O, CO2 and NH3 • Water vapor condenses into liquid oceans on top of crust and carbon dioxide is absorbed. • Ancient bacteria appear in oceans where they use water and carbon dioxide to produce food and release oxygen as a waste. (photosynthesis) • Oxygen accumulates over time leading to Earth’s modern atmosphere. • Air rises from the troposphere to the exosphere.