1 / 32

THREE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF SAFE TIRE-PAVEMENT INTERACTION

CUPGA CANADIAN USER PRODUCER GROUP FOR ASPHALT. NIAGARA FALLS. NOVEMBER 2007. FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVEMENTS. ‘GET A GRIP’. JOHN EMERY. PRESIDENT JEGEL GROUP, TORONTO ADJUNCT PROFESSOR, McMASTER UNIVERSITY. jemery@jegel.com. www.jegel.com.

fausto
Download Presentation

THREE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF SAFE TIRE-PAVEMENT INTERACTION

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CUPGA CANADIAN USER PRODUCER GROUP FOR ASPHALT NIAGARA FALLS NOVEMBER 2007 FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVEMENTS ‘GET A GRIP’ JOHN EMERY PRESIDENT JEGEL GROUP, TORONTO ADJUNCT PROFESSOR, McMASTER UNIVERSITY jemery@jegel.com www.jegel.com THREE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF SAFE TIRE-PAVEMENT INTERACTION DURING A WET WEATHER, HIGH SPEED, ABORTED TAKEOFF, FOR INSTANCE GEAR/THRUST REVERSER/BRAKE/TIRE SYSTEMS OPTIMIZED BY AIRCRAFT DESIGNERS AND TIRE MANUFACTURERS RUNWAY SURFACE FRICTION FLIGHT CREW OPTIMIZED THROUGH RIGOROUS TRAINING AND SIMULATION THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE OF ALAIN DUCLOS AND JESSICA HERNANDEZ OF JEGEL IS GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGED

  2. PERFORMANCE-RELATED SURFACE CONDITION PARAMETERS WORLD ROAD ASSOCIATION (PIARC) TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 4.2 ROAD VEHICLE INTERACTION • SYNTHESIS OF PERFORMANCE-RELATED SURFACE CONDITION MEASUREMENTS FOR PARAMETERS (PROPERTIES) TYPICALLY USED FOR ACCEPTANCE OF ROAD WORK • SHORT TERM (AS CONSTRUCTED OR REHABILITATED) • LONGER TERM (WARRANTY, PERFORMANCE-RELATED CONTRACTS AND MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS, FOR INSTANCE) • ENROUTE PERFORMANCE-BASED SURFACE CONDITION MEASUREMENTS • INCLUDING MEASUREMENT METHOD, METHODOLOGY, QUALITY AND REPORTING • CURRENT, TRENDS/FUTURE, ‘LOW TECH’ AND ‘HIGH TECH’ • INTERPRETATION AND USER GUIDELINES FOR THE ACCEPTANCE PARAMETERS • RECOMMENDATIONS ON ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA (NOT SPECIFICATIONS) • PARAMETERS REVIEWED AND ACCEPTED FOR INTERPRETATION, USER GUIDELINES AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA • SMOOTHNESS (INTERNATIONAL ROUGHNESS INDEX, IRI) • IRREGULARITIES (‘BUMPS’) • SURFACE CONDITION (‘DISTRESSES’ – CRACKING, TEXTURE, SEGREGATION, RAVELLING/RUTTING, FLUSHING, OTHER?, TYPICALLY AS A PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX) • PERMEABILITY • FRICTION • NOISE (PARTICULARLY URBAN) • DEFLECTION (STRUCTURAL CONDITION) • OTHERS? (REFLECTANCE, FOR INSTANCE) • ABILITY TO INCORPORATE NEW SURFACE CONDITION FEATURES SUCH AS TOP-DOWN CRACKING

  3. FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVEMENT SURFACES ROADS, HIGHWAYS AND AIRPORTS THERE IS MUCH RESEARCH IN PROGRESS • FOR INSTANCE, WORK WITH INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS …

  4. INTERACTION OF TIRES WITH PAVEMENT SURFACES JEGEL • TIRE DESIGN IS OPTIMIZED FOR ANTICIPATED SERVICE CONDITIONS • MUCH TIRE DEVELOPMENT CARRIED OUT FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE • CAR RACING AND AIRCRAFT LANDING CONDITIONS • INTEGRITY OF TIRE STRUCTURES AND FRICTION VALUES OPTIMIZED • ALL THE CONTROL FUNCTIONS OF A ROAD VEHICLE ARE • TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE TIRES (SOME AERODYNAMIC • EFFECTS AT HIGH SPEEDS) • RACE CAR DRIVERS AND PILOTS, ARE WELL PAID FOR ‘DRIVING’ SKILLS MOLSON INDY LAKE SHORE BOULEVARD STONE MASTIC ASPHALT

  5. INTERACTION OF TIRES CONTINUED • TIRES ARE A KEY COMPONENT OF VEHICLES AND AIRCRAFT • ‘WHERE THE RUBBER MEETS THE PAVEMENT’ • TIRE MATERIAL AND TREAD PATTERN OPTIMIZED TO • INTERACT WITH PAVEMENT SURFACE MICROTEXTURE FOR • HIGH FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE AT ALL SPEEDS • TIRE PATTERN OPTIMIZED TO INTERACT WITH PAVMENT • SURFACE MACROTEXTURE TO PROVIDE BULK WATER • DRAINAGE ESSENTIAL AT HIGH SPEEDS BOEING 777 NOTE TIRE - PAVEMENT LANDING FRICTION

  6. FACTORS INFLUENCING HIGHWAY SAFETY SPEED SIZE MASS DISTRIBUTION GALLAWAY AND EPPS, ASCE, 1972 DYNAMICS CORNERING OTHERS VEHICLE RUBBER COMPOSITION THREAD PATTERN LOAD TIRE HIGHWAY SAFETY SURFACE CONSTRUCTION CONTACT AREA SURFACE MAINTENANCE PRESSURE AGGREGATE TYPE CORD ANGLE BINDING AGENT MACROTEXTURE PLIES SURFACE TEXTURE MICROTEXTURE ROAD ROUGHNESS PAVEMENT ROADWAY SURFACE CONTAMINATION GEOMETRICS TEMPERATURE INTERSTECTION HAPPY SUPER-ELEVATION DEPRESSED CROWN DRIVER DRINKING GRADE DRUGS CURVATURE SIGHT CROSS SLOPE REFLEX

  7. ONTARIO ROAD SURFACE CONDITION BY CLASS OF COLLISION, 1996

  8. REDUCTION OF POTENTIAL SKIDDING SITUATIONS • THREE POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES • RELATED TO • DRIVER, VEHICLE/TIRES AND ROAD SURFACES • IMPROVED DRIVER AWARENESS OF SLIPPERY SITUATIONS TO ALLOW APPROPRIATE ADJUSTMENTS IN DRIVING HABIT SUCH AS REDUCING SPEED TO THAT COMPATIBLE WITH THE AVAILABLE SKID RESISTANCE • IMPROVED VEHICLE/TIRE DESIGN TO RESIST SKIDDING THROUGH ANTI-LOCKING DEVICES AND MODIFICATIONS TO TIRE CONSTRUCTION, TREAD PATTERN, COMPOUND, ETC. • IMPROVED ROAD SURFACES THROUGH CHANGING AGGREGATES AND/OR MIX DESIGNS TO ENHANCE FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE KRAKOWSKI, EMERY AND PALOMBELLA, CTAA, 1976

  9. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PARTIALLY HYDROPLANING TIRE ON FLOODED RUNWAY PAVEMENT TIRE VELOCITY WATER PAVEMENT SURFACE 3 2 1 ZONE 1 – BULK WATER (FLUID) DRAINAGE THROUGH MACROTEXTURE ZONE 2 – THIN WATER (FLUID) FILM DRAINAGE THROUGH MICROTEXTURE ZONE 3 – DRY CONTACT REGION USAF, SWIFT, 2000 BULK FLUID DRAINAGE IS IMPORTANT TO MAINTAINING TIRE – PAVEMENT ADHESION (FRICTION) AT HIGH SPEEDS

  10. MICROTEXTURE COURTESY OF HUMBLE EQUIPMENT COMPANY INC. SKIDABRADER TM MAGNIFICATION OF ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPH 40X MICROTEXTURE DESCRIBES THE MICROSCOPIC ANGLES AND POINTS ON BEDDING MORTAR GRANULES AND ON THE FACE AREAS OF EXPOSED AGGREGATE. THIS TEXTURE RUPTURES THE THIN FILM OF WATER THAT CLINGS TO THE SURFACE AFTER THE MACROTEXTURE HAS EVACUATED THE RUNNING WATER. THESE WELL DEFINED EDGES PROVIDE A TOOTH PATTERN THAT WILL ALSO ENHANCE SURFACE FRICTION IN DRY WEATHER. (HUMBLE)

  11. MACROTEXTURE COURTESY OF HUMBLE EQUIPMENT COMPANY INC. SKIDABRADER TM NO MAGNIFICATION OF ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPH MACROTEXTURE IS THE GEOMETRIC RUGOSITY THAT IS QUITE OBVIOUS AND VISIBLE. IT PROVIDES SURFACE CANALS THAT ALLOW WATER TO ESCAPE FROM BETWEEN THE TIRE AND ROAD DURING WET WEATHER. THE MORE MACROTEXTURE DEPTH AVAILABLE, THE GREATER THE RESISTANCE TO HIGH SPEED HYDROPLANING. THE SAND PATCH TEST, DESCRIBED IN ASTM DESIGNATION E965-83, CAN MEASURE MACROTEXTURE DEPTH. TIRE-PAVEMENT FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS CORRELATE GENERALLY WITH THESE TESTS. (HUMBLE)

  12. TEXTURE POSITIVE TEXTURE MICROTEXTURE (TEXTURE OF THE STONE) MACROTEXTURE (OVERALL TEXTURE OF ROAD) NEGATIVE TEXTURE VOIDS ASPHALT BINDER ADAPTED FROM AA, 2005

  13. GENERALIZED ILLUSTRATION OF SCALE OF TEXTURE SURFACE MACRO (LARGE) MICRO (FINE) ROUGH HARSH ROUGH POLISHED SMOOTH HARSH POLISHED SMOOTH CREECH 1981

  14. INTERACTION OF PAVEMENT SURFACE IRREGULARITIES AND TIRE/SUSPENSION SYSTEMS PIARC C1, 1995 NOTE: WHILE DEVELOPED FOR ROAD SURFACES, GENERALLY APPLICABLE FOR RUNWAY SURFACES

  15. SOME ARE HAPPY WITH WATER, SNOW AND ICE BUT NOT THE TIRE - PAVEMENT INTERFACE WINTER PAVEMENT CONDITIONS ARE VERY IMPORTANT

  16. MEASUREMENTS OF MICROTEXTURE AND MACROTEXTURE JEGEL MICROTEXTURE – PORTABLE PENDULUM METHOD NOTE: THE SURFACE IS GENERALLY TESTED IN THE WET CONDITION MACROTEXTURE SAND PATCH METHOD OUTFLOW METER METHOD

  17. MEASUREMENT OF AIRPORT FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS FRICTION MONITORING WITH GRIP TESTER – JEGEL USES THE GRIP TESTER FOR BOTH HIGHWAY AND AIRPORT FRICTION MONITORING

  18. WHILE THE AIRPORT FOCUS IS GENERALLY ON THE FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNWAY PAVEMENT SURFACES, IT IS IMPORTANT TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR ALL AIRSIDE PAVEMENT SURFACES

  19. TYPICAL AIRPORT CORRELATION AND FRICTION RATING FOR EQUIPMENT READINGSNOMINAL TEST SPEED 65 KM/H ADAPTED FROM GREENE, AFCESA, SWIFT 2001

  20. RUNWAY FRICTION MONITORING WITH GRIPTESTER

  21. ENHANCED TIRE/PAVEMENT INTERACTION • OF THE THREE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF SAFE TIRE/PAVEMENT INTERACTION – DRIVER/FLIGHT CREW, GEAR/THRUST REVERSER/BRAKE/TIRE SYSTEMS AND RUNWAY SURFACE FRICTION • THE PAVEMENT ENGINEER PLAYS A KEY ROLE WITH THE TIRE-PAVEMENT SURFACE INTERFACE PROVISION AND MAINTENANCE OF APPROPRIATE LEVELS OF MICROTEXTURE, MACROTEXTURE, SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE, AND SNOW AND ICE CONTROL • WHILE THE IMPORTANCE OF SNOW AND ICE CONTROL IS CLEARLY RECOGNIZED, IT WILL NOT BE COVERED HERE. PLEASE REVIEW ACTIVITIES OF CAPTG FOR INSTANCE • PROVIDE HIGH FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC SURFACES • CONSTRUCT NEW SURFACE WITH THE DESIRED PROPERTIES • SELECTION OF MATERIALS • MIX TYPES AND DESIGNS • CONSTRUCTION METHODS • REMEDIATION OF OLD SURFACE WITH POOR FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS • TREAT SURFACE • OVERLAY SURFACE

  22. HMA TYPES WITH ENHANCED FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES JEGEL SUPERPAVE SURFACE COURSE STONE MASTIC ASPHALT OPEN GRADED FRICTION COURSE

  23. FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF WEARING COURSES COMPARED TO DENSE GRADED ASPHALT CONCRETE NOTE: WHILE DEVELOPED FOR ROAD SURFACES, GENERALLY APPLICABLE FOR RUNWAYS

  24. ENHANCED MACROTEXTURE AND SURFACE DRAINAGE JEGEL GROOVED ASPHALT CONCRETE SAPPORO, JAPAN DIAMOND GROUND CONCRETE GROOVED CONCRETE PEARSON RUNWAY 06/24 BEFORE HMA OVERLAY TYPICAL RUNWAY PAVEMENTS

  25. RESTORING RUNWAY ASPHALT PAVEMENT MICROTEXTURE AND MACROTEXTURE JEGEL SKIDABRADER RESTORING MICROTEXTURE AND MACROTEXTURE TO RUNWAY ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT, CFB TRENTON

  26. RESTORING RUNWAY ASPHALT PAVEMENT SKID ABRADER JEGEL CLOSEUP OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT SURFACE

  27. THIN SURFACINGS TO RESTORE FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS JEGEL MICRO-SURFACING TO IMPROVE TAXIWAY SURFACE CONDITION AND FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS CFB COLD LAKE

  28. THIN SURFACINGS TO RESTORE FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS JEGEL CLOSEUP OF RUNWAY MICROSURFACING QUEBEC AIRPORT

  29. LOW INITIAL FRICTION FOR SOME SURFACE COURSE HMA TYPES WITH THICK ASPHALT BINDER FILMS SOME SMA AND OGFC FOR INSTANCE CURRENT ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY ISSUE IN ONTARIO BEING STUDIED BY MTO/OHMPA WITH THE LEADERSHIP OF KAI TAM TRUE GRIT WHITE SMA? YES – AND ITS FRICTIONAL TOO GRITTING (SANDING WITH FRICTIONAL FINE AGGREGATE) IS USED ON GERMAN SMA (VERY HIGH ASPHALT BINDER CONTENTS) PRIOR TO TRAFFIC USE. THIS GRITTING ENHANCES THE INITIAL FRICTION HMAT JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2004

  30. LOW INITIAL FRICTION CONTINUED IN THEIR 1991 CTAA PAPER – DEVELOPMENT OF STONE MASTIC MIXES FOR ONTARIO USE – CARRICK, MACINNES, DAVIDSON, SHENK AND EMERY INDICATED “AFTER PLACEMENT AND COMPACTION, SMA HAS A COARSE (OPEN) SURFACE TEXTURE CHARACTERIZED BY GOOD COARSE AGGREGATE MACROTEXTURE (LARGE, ROUGH, DEPRESSIONS) THAT PROVIDE EXCELLENT FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES (‘SKID’ RESISTANCE) OVER TIME. HOWEVER, WITH THE RICH MASTIC INVOLVED, THERE MAY BE A PERIOD OF TRAFFIC ACTION REQUIRED TO WEAR THE BINDER FILM OFF THE COARSE AGGREGATE IN ORDER TO DEVELOP MICROTEXTURE. IF THIS IS OF CONCERN, AN ASPHALT CEMENT PRE-COATED SAND OR HOT SAND APPLICATION CAN BE USED TO PROVIDE ENHANCED FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES UNTIL MICROTEXTURE IS DEVELOPED.” IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, THERE ARE ALSO CONCERNS WITH LOW INITIAL FRICTION WITH THICK BINDER FILMS (SMA FOR INSTANCE) GRIT IS USED TO ENHANCE THE EARLY FRICTION (TRL, 1998) THERE IS ALSO RESEARCH IN PROGRESS ON DRY FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS (BULLAS, FOR INSTANCE) IN FRANCE, A MICRO-INCRUSTATION PROCESS HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO IMPROVE THE EARLY LIFE FRICTION (SETRA, 2007) THICK BINDER FILM THICK BINDER FILM MICRO-INCRUSTATION MATERIAL COARSE AGGREGATE PARTICLE COARSE AGGREGATE PARTICLE

  31. STRONG DURABLE SMOOTH ECONOMIC SECURE SAFE ASPHALT PAVEMENTS QUESTIONS? COURTESY OF EJL ANY USE OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IS SUBJECT TO THE USER CAREFULLY EVALUATING ITS APPLICABILITY TO THE SPECIFIC SITUATION AND CONDITIONS INVOLVED

  32. DARPA URBAN CHALLENGE DRIVERLESS ROBOTIC CARS STANFORD’S JUNIOR CAME SECOND IN 2007 STANFORD’S STANLEY CAME FIRST IN THE DESERT CHALLENGE IN 2005

More Related