Presentation Transcript

1. Writing for PhD and MPhil

   07 Literature Review I
2. Three sessions… …on the introduction and literature review: Aims: To identify important features of a typical structure To identify and practise language features To plan and write a short introduction, using sources, on childhood obesity in the north east N.B. Bring today’s hand outs to subsequent classes
3. Today’s Focus The nature of the literature review The typical stages of the introduction and LR Practice in summarising sources accurately and fairly Tabulating information from sources to reveal patterns Writing an introductory section: Identifying a view point in sources Summarising sources Revealing and grouping themes
4. Activity 1.1: Key False: not a list and not purely descriptive, although there is always an element of description True: depends on the quantity of relevant materials available  True: not a linear process, but one in which you acquire knowledge, new insights and perhaps make changes to your plan True: discussion makes for interesting reading
5. Activity 1.1: Key True/ False: depends on the field, e.g. law, history v. sciences, medicine True/ False: depends on whether an inter-disciplinary approach required False: time consuming and we need to identify trends . Key works can be appraised individually True – we set the context of our research against what has been done before False: identify themes, approaches etc. But chronological order is good for tracing historical development
6. Activity 1.1: Key True: the literature review persuades the reader the research is justified/ adds new knowledge True: helps structure the literature review and highlight the importance of the research True: important to give reasons for the exclusion of any works that experts in the field would expect to be included
7. General Specific General Abstract Introduction and Literature Review Method/ology Results Discussion and Conclusions
8. Activity 2.1: Some typical stages/moves A general introduction to the topic An outline of the structure of the thesis A narrower focus on what is lacking in the current research A more detailed focus on the research literature, presenting and explaining the findings of other studies, including theoretical/ methodological approaches A more detailed explanation of the aims, objectives and importance of the research A focus on the current state of the research on this topic The proposed aim of the study being undertaken The reason why the proposed study is important enough to be done A more detailed explanation of what is lacking in the research
9. Activity 2.1: Answers A general introduction to the topic A focus on the current state of the research on this topic A narrower focus on what is lacking in the current research The proposed aim of the study being undertaken The reason why the proposed study is important enough to be done An outline of the structure of the thesis – possibly repeated as step 10 A more detailed focus on the research literature, presenting and explaining the findings of other studies, including theoretical/ methodological approaches A more detailed explanation of what is lacking in the research A more detailed explanation of the aims, objectives and importance of the research
10. General introduction Activity 2.2 1 Since cylindrical structures containing fluid appear in a wide range of different engineering applications, the dynamics of fluid-filled cylinders have been the subject of many diverse studies. 2 Several investigators have studied the effects of base excitation on the dynamic response of fluid-filled cylindrical containers. 3 The effects induced by the lateral motion of fluid storage tanks have received considerable attention from the seismic community for many years. 4 Although the earliest studies considered the tank containing the fluid as rigid [1], later investigations included tank flexibility effects and developed semi-analytical methods based on expansion techniques for the prediction of fluid-tank interactions [2-4]. 5 A nonlinear analysis of waves propagating around the free surface of water contained in a circular basin of finite uniform depth has been presented by Bryant [5]. 6 He found that resonant waves may be generated not only by external forcing near the basin’s natural frequency, but also from the internal forcing of some wave components by others. 7 Despite the large amount of published work which exists on the forced fluid motions inside a cylinder, the authors do not know of any analysis which addresses the topic of the present paper, namely the free-surface motions induced by the constant rotation of a fluid-filled cylindrical structure about a vertical axis offset from its geometrical centre.
11. Current Knowledge Activity 2.2 1 Since cylindrical structures containing fluid appear in a wide range of different engineering applications, the dynamics of fluid-filled cylinders have been the subject of many diverse studies.2 Several investigators have studied the effects of base excitation on the dynamic response of fluid-filled cylindrical containers. 3 The effects induced by the lateral motion of fluid storage tanks have received considerable attention from the seismic community for many years. 4 Although the earliest studies considered the tank containing the fluid as rigid [1], later investigations included tank flexibility effects and developed semi-analytical methods based on expansion techniques for the prediction of fluid-tank interactions [2-4]. 5 A nonlinear analysis of waves propagating around the free surface of water contained in a circular basin of finite uniform depth has been presented by Bryant [5]. 6 He found that resonant waves may be generated not only by external forcing near the basin’s natural frequency, but also from the internal forcing of some wave components by others. 7 Despite the large amount of published work which exists on the forced fluid motions inside a cylinder, the authors do not know of any analysis which addresses the topic of the present paper, namely the free-surface motions induced by the constant rotation of a fluid-filled cylindrical structure about a vertical axis offset from its geometrical centre.
12. Gap/ Occupation of the gap Activity 2.2 1 Since cylindrical structures containing fluid appear in a wide range of different engineering applications, the dynamics of fluid-filled cylinders have been the subject of many diverse studies.2 Several investigators have studied the effects of base excitation on the dynamic response of fluid-filled cylindrical containers. 3 The effects induced by the lateral motion of fluid storage tanks have received considerable attention from the seismic community for many years. 4 Although the earliest studies considered the tank containing the fluid as rigid [1], later investigations included tank flexibility effects and developed semi-analytical methods based on expansion techniques for the prediction of fluid-tank interactions [2-4]. 5 A nonlinear analysis of waves propagating around the free surface of water contained in a circular basin of finite uniform depth has been presented by Bryant [5]. 6 He found that resonant waves may be generated not only by external forcing near the basin’s natural frequency, but also from the internal forcing of some wave components by others. 7 Despite the large amount of published work which exists on the forced fluid motions inside a cylinder, the authors do not know of any analysis which addresses the topic of the present paper, namely the free-surface motions induced by the constant rotation of a fluid-filled cylindrical structure about a vertical axis offset from its geometrical centre.
13. Activity 3.1 Read the text below and identify the topic, aim, gap, importance/ application of our practice text. You are working on a PhD in Public Health, on childhood obesity in the UK. You are now preparing to write a 250 word introduction to a literature review based on your first six months’ reading, which includes the main findings of ten studies related to childhood obesity n terms of its causes and effects. You are trying to establish the leading causes of obesity in children in the north east of England. Although data exist on the numbers of obese north east children, the reasons for these figures have not been well explored. You have therefore identified a sample group of 630 obese children in the area, and are gathering both qualitative and quantitative data via questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and focus groups with the children and their parents. The children had previously been indicated as obese according to the National Child Measurement Programme. You hope that the results will develop the understanding of the causes of childhood obesity in the region, so that stakeholders may adapt policies and procedures for dealing with the issue in homes and schools.
14. Activity 3.1 Read the text below and identify the topic, aim, gap, importance/ application of our practice text. You are working on a PhD in Public Health, on childhood obesity in the UK. You are now preparing to write a 250 word introduction to a literature review based on your first six months’ reading, which includes the main findings of ten studies related to childhood obesity n terms of its causes and effects. You are trying to establish the leading causes of obesity in children in the north east of England. Although data exist on the numbers of obese north east children, the reasons for these figures have not been well explored. You have therefore identified a sample group of 630 obese children in the area, and are gathering both qualitative and quantitative data via questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and focus groups with the children and their parents. The children had previously been indicated as obese according to the National Child Measurement Programme. You hope that the results will develop the understanding of the causes of childhood obesity in the region, so that stakeholders may adapt policies and procedures for dealing with the issue in homes and schools.
15. Activity 3.1 Read the text below and identify the topic, aim, gap, importance/ application of our practice text. You are working on a PhD in Public Health, on childhood obesity in the UK. You are now preparing to write a 250 word introduction to a literature review based on your first six months’ reading, which includes the main findings of ten studies related to childhood obesity n terms of its causes and effects. You are trying to establish the leading causes of obesity in children in the north east of England. Although data exist on the numbers of obese north east children, the reasons for these figures have not been well explored. You have therefore identified a sample group of 630 obese children in the area, and are gathering both qualitative and quantitative data via questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and focus groups with the children and their parents. The children had previously been indicated as obese according to the National Child Measurement Programme. You hope that the results will develop the understanding of the causes of childhood obesity in the region, so that stakeholders may adapt policies and procedures for dealing with the issue in homes and schools.
16. Activity 3.1 Read the text below and identify the topic, aim, gap, importance/ application of our practice text. You are working on a PhD in Public Health, on childhood obesity in the UK. You are now preparing to write a 250 word introduction to a literature review based on your first six months’ reading, which includes the main findings of ten studies related to childhood obesity n terms of its causes and effects. You are trying to establish the leading causes of obesity in children in the north east of England. Although data exist on the numbers of obese north east children, the reasons for these figures have not been well explored. You have therefore identified a sample group of 630 obese children in the area, and are gathering both qualitative and quantitative data via questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and focus groups with the children and their parents. The children had previously been indicated as obese according to the National Child Measurement Programme. You hope that the results will develop the understanding of the causes of childhood obesity in the region, so that stakeholders may adapt policies and procedures for dealing with the issue in homes and schools.
17. Activity 3.1 Read the text below and identify the topic, aim, gap, importance/ application of our practice text. You are working on a PhD in Public Health, on childhood obesity in the UK. You are now preparing to write a 250 word introduction to a literature review based on your first six months’ reading, which includes the main findings of ten studies related to childhood obesity n terms of its causes and effects. You are trying to establish the leading causes of obesity in children in the north east of England. Although data exist on the numbers of obese north east children, the reasons for these figures have not been well explored. You have therefore identified a sample group of 630 obese children in the area, and are gathering both qualitative and quantitative data via questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and focus groups with the children and their parents. The children had previously been indicated as obese according to the National Child Measurement Programme. You hope that the results will develop the understanding of the causes of childhood obesity in the region, so that stakeholders may adapt policies and procedures for dealing with the issue in homes and schools.
18. Activity 3.1 Read the text below and identify the topic, aim, gap, importance/ application of our practice text. You are working on a PhD in Public Health, on childhood obesity in the UK. You are now preparing to write a 250 word introduction to a literature review based on your first six months’ reading, which includes the main findings of ten studies related to childhood obesity n terms of its causes and effects. You are trying to establish the leading causes of obesity in children in the north east of England. Although data exist on the numbers of obese north east children, the reasons for these figures have not been well explored. You have therefore identified a sample group of 630 obese children in the area, and are gathering both qualitative and quantitative data via questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and focus groups with the children and their parents. The children had previously been indicated as obese according to the National Child Measurement Programme. You hope that the results will develop the understanding of the causes of childhood obesity in the region, so that stakeholders may adapt policies and procedures for dealing with the issue in homes and schools.