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Gender, Poverty, and Health: A Framework for Analysis

Gender, Poverty, and Health: A Framework for Analysis. C. Mark Blackden Office of the Sector Director Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Africa Region, World Bank August 21, 2002. Gender & Poverty. Poverty is multidimensional

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Gender, Poverty, and Health: A Framework for Analysis

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  1. Gender, Poverty, and Health:A Framework for Analysis C. Mark Blackden Office of the Sector Director Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Africa Region, World Bank August 21, 2002

  2. Gender & Poverty • Poverty is multidimensional • beyond income poverty: loss of rights & dignity, powerlessness inequality, vulnerability, isolation • assets: livelihood security • Gender inequality in access to and control of assets--impact on growth • Impact of povertydifferentfor men and for women

  3. Implications for policy: Cross-Sectoral Trade-Offs & Linkages • A Different Poverty Agenda = Better Health Outcomes • Roles of Men and Women • in the market economy • in the household economy • Gender-based asset inequality

  4. Gender Roles:Who Does What? I

  5. MARKET Labor Segmentation Key Characteristics MONETIZED ECONOMY PREDOMINANTLY MALE GOVERNED BY LAW Gender Roles: 1 Agriculture Industry, Services Informal Sector What do men and women contributeto the market economy (GDP)?

  6. Uganda: Gender Intensity of Production Source: Based on Elson and Evers 1997.

  7. HOUSEHOLD Labor Immobility Valued at 30-50% of GDP Key Characteristics UNPAID NON- MONETIZED PREDOMINANTLY FEMALE GOVERNED BY CUSTOM Gender Roles: 2 Fuel and water provisioning Child care & health Food preparation What do men and women contribute to the household economy?

  8. The “Double Workday” of Women Source: Benin --Time Allocation Study, UNDP, 1998

  9. Zambia: Transport Tasks Domestic Travel Time (%) Women Men Other 96 1 3 18% 63% 19% 2.35 hours per adult female per day Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport … SSTP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA.

  10. Asset Inequality(or the gender dimensionsof poverty) II

  11. Capability: Adult Illiteracy Source: World Development Indicators, 2001.

  12. Capability: Enrollments Source: UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children, 2001.

  13. Opportunity: Income Shares Source: Fofack, in Blackden and Bhanu, 1999.

  14. Security: Access to Water Source: www.unicef.org/statis (2000).

  15. Empowerment: Men and Women in Parliament Source: International Parliamentary Union, 2001. www.ipu.org.

  16. Changes in HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates by Age (15-24) and Gender, Selected SSA Countries 1999-2001 HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates by Age (15-24) and Gender, Selected SSA Countries Sources: For 2001: UNAIDS, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, 2002. For 1999: UNAIDS Country Data Files, June 2000. www.unaids.org Source: UNAIDS, June 2000. Source: UNAIDS, June 2000.

  17. Policy Implications for Poverty Reduction and Health Sector Strategies III

  18. Key Policy Implications: 1 • Because, in gendered economies, disparitiespersist in men’s and women’s access to and control of human, economic, and social assets … • … gender-based inequalitylimits economic growth and diminishes the effectiveness of poverty reduction efforts.

  19. Gender inequality and economic growth • Cameroon: Rice vs. Sorghum Women do not control the income from rice production, and prefer the less remunerative task of sorghum production where they control the income. Total household income is lower than it could be. • Burkina Faso: Agricultural ProductionKey inputs (fertilizer and manure) are unevenly distributed. IF existing resources were shifted between men’s and women’s plots, output up by 10-20 %

  20. Closing the gender gap in schooling boosts economic growth 4 Actual growth rate Projected growth rate 3 (percent) Average annual growth in per capita GNP, 1960-1992 2 1 0 Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Middle East/North Africa Source: “Engendering Development” (PRR) 2001, in WDR 2000/01, “Attacking Poverty”.

  21. Key Policy Implications: 2 • HouseholdEconomy - significance • Double workday: 5+ additional hours/day for women in domestic tasks • Low labor productivity,highly energy-intensive, inefficient • Health Implications • Head-loading, fatigue, • Environmental factors • Interdependence with market • Trade-offs and linkages very important

  22. MARKET HOUSEHOLD Labor Segmentation Labor Immobility Valued at 30-50% of GDP Key Characteristics Key Characteristics MONETIZED ECONOMY PREDOMINANTLY MALE GOVERNED BY LAW UNPAID NON- MONETIZED PREDOMINANTLY FEMALE GOVERNED BY CUSTOM Interdependent … GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR ACCESS & CONTROL OF RESOURCES LABOR SUPPLY

  23. MARKET Labor Segmentation Key Characteristics MONETIZED ECONOMY PREDOMINANTLY MALE GOVERNED BY LAW Invisible?

  24. Key Policy Implications: 3 • Because the poor, especially women, have little or no voice in decision making … • …gender needs to be a criterion forinclusion in poverty reduction initiatives, and • a criterion forprioritizing policy and investment choices

  25. A Different Agenda for Gender-Responsive Poverty Reduction and Health Sector Strategies IV

  26. Engendering Priority Actions: 1 • Gender as criterion for inclusiveparticipation in setting poverty reduction policy and investment priorities: • “gender budget initiatives” • inclusion in policy fora (PRSP) • local-level audit & accountability • Gender as criterion for prioritizing economic policy and investmentchoices: • pro-poorgrowth with focus on agriculture & informal sector • reorient research/extension, financial services, production & labor-saving technology

  27. Engendering Priority Actions: 2 • Concurrent investment in gender-inclusive human development: • education, literacy, vocational skills • health, nutrition, fertility • grassroots management training • Concurrent investment in the household economy--highly relevant for poverty reduction, growth, and for health: • water/sanitation, domesticenergy, transport (IMT), & labor-saving technology

  28. Different Transport Burdens(Tonne-Km/Year by Sex) Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport … SSTP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA.

  29. Water and fuel investments significantly reduce collection time Investments in water and fuel infrastructure significantly reduce time on collection activities Potential average annual time savings Potable water within 400m 600 Woodlots within 30 mins walk 400 Annual time savings (hours per household) 200 0 Lusaka Rural Kaya Mbale Kasama* Dedougou* (Zambia) (Burkina Faso) (Uganda) (Zambia) (Burkina Faso) * Kasama & Dedougou already within the target for water. Source: Barwell 1996, in Engendering Development, PRR, 2001.

  30. Engendering Priority Actions: 3 • Integrate gender into statistics, national accounts & poverty work (make gender VISIBLE!) • intra-household modules in surveys • gendered economic production data • gender-based benefit incidence analysis of public expenditures • integrate household (care) economy into statistics and accounts • country-specific time surveys

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