Protection during displacement

1. Protection during displacement

2. Objectives Identify risks and needs facing IDPs during displacement Review the standards for protection during displacement in the GP Describe different modes of action for protection programming Outline priorities for a protection response The objectives for this session are: Identify risks and needs facing IDPs during displacement Review the standards for protection during displacement in the GP Describe different modes of action for protection programming Outline priorities for a protection response This session will be illustrative of how the standards in the Guiding Principles should be implemented concretely. Basically, participants will be taken from the �what� (what are the standards relating to the protection of IDPs) to the �how� (how can these standards be applied). The objectives for this session are: Identify risks and needs facing IDPs during displacement Review the standards for protection during displacement in the GP Describe different modes of action for protection programming Outline priorities for a protection response This session will be illustrative of how the standards in the Guiding Principles should be implemented concretely. Basically, participants will be taken from the �what� (what are the standards relating to the protection of IDPs) to the �how� (how can these standards be applied).

3. Introduce the case study. Review the concrete steps that will followed during the case study: 1. A situation analysis: an assessment of the needs and threats facing IDPs Identify problems Determine relevant legal standards (what are the rights of IDPs) The actors involved (identifying all relevant stakeholders) 2. Designing a response: What is the capacity of displaced community to respond to the problems Adequate protection modes (what response can be made to the problems identified?) These steps are adapted from a handbook recently developed on �humanitarian protection� (Protection � An ALNAP Guide for Humanitarian Agencies, by Hugo Slim and Andrew Bonwick, ALNAP, August 2005)Introduce the case study. Review the concrete steps that will followed during the case study: 1. A situation analysis: an assessment of the needs and threats facing IDPs Identify problems Determine relevant legal standards (what are the rights of IDPs) The actors involved (identifying all relevant stakeholders) 2. Designing a response: What is the capacity of displaced community to respond to the problems Adequate protection modes (what response can be made to the problems identified?) These steps are adapted from a handbook recently developed on �humanitarian protection� (Protection � An ALNAP Guide for Humanitarian Agencies, by Hugo Slim and Andrew Bonwick, ALNAP, August 2005)

4. Case study: Part one 1. Who are the groups at risks? (Identify specific and distinct groups or individuals). 2. What are their needs? 3. What are the threats they are facing? From whom? Use this slide to launch the case study, based either on a fictional situation, or testimonies from selected participants (working for local NGOs, or IDP representative). Allow 20� for group work answering the following questions. Who is in need of protective action? (Identify specific and distinct groups or individuals). What are threats are they facing? From whom? What are the needs? At the end of 20� stop the groups and ask them to outline the groups and individuals they have identified and the specific needs they might have. Allow 10� for feedback. During the feedback, you can classify the needs using one of the following options: Option 1: Non Discrimination on any grounds including being displaced Movement related rights: Protection against being displaced, movement rights during displacement (for example closed camps), leaving one�s country and return, the right not to be displaced, to be protected against forced return Physical Security: Life, acts of violence including rape, sexual exploitation or torture, personal liberty, forced recruitment. The state is responsible for protecting its population against crimes committed on its territory. I Other human rights: Subsistence needs, health related needs, need for identification and documentation, property Option 2: Violence: or the threat of violence, e.g. murder, torture, rape, wounding, abuse, abduction, etc. This subset relates to physical security. Coercion: forced displacement, forced or prevented return, forced prostitution, forced recruitment, forced labour, etc. This subset relates to movement related rights. Deprivation: denial of access to means of subsistence (including relief assistance), destruction of property etc. This sub set relates to non-discrimination and other human rights. Use this slide to launch the case study, based either on a fictional situation, or testimonies from selected participants (working for local NGOs, or IDP representative). Allow 20� for group work answering the following questions. Who is in need of protective action? (Identify specific and distinct groups or individuals). What are threats are they facing? From whom? What are the needs? At the end of 20� stop the groups and ask them to outline the groups and individuals they have identified and the specific needs they might have. Allow 10� for feedback. During the feedback, you can classify the needs using one of the following options: Option 1: Non Discrimination on any grounds including being displaced Movement related rights: Protection against being displaced, movement rights during displacement (for example closed camps), leaving one�s country and return, the right not to be displaced, to be protected against forced return Physical Security: Life, acts of violence including rape, sexual exploitation or torture, personal liberty, forced recruitment. The state is responsible for protecting its population against crimes committed on its territory. I Other human rights: Subsistence needs, health related needs, need for identification and documentation, property Option 2: Violence: or the threat of violence, e.g. murder, torture, rape, wounding, abuse, abduction, etc. This subset relates to physical security. Coercion: forced displacement, forced or prevented return, forced prostitution, forced recruitment, forced labour, etc. This subset relates to movement related rights. Deprivation: denial of access to means of subsistence (including relief assistance), destruction of property etc. This sub set relates to non-discrimination and other human rights.

5. Case study: Part two 4a. Identify the Guiding Principles which correspond to the needs/threats. 4b Identify other possible threats/needs: use the Guiding Principles as check list Allow 30� for group work Take response in plenary. Write down Guiding Principles corresponding to the needs/threats identified. Insist: To the needs and threats we have identified in the case study correspond the right of the affected people to be protected from them. This means that these people holds a claim, or legal entitlement, and someone else holds a corresponding duty or legal obligation. With a right based approach, effective action to fulfill the rights moves from the optional realm of charity into the mandatory realm of law. Ask participants to list Guiding Principles which have not been referred to. If the list is not to long, you can ask participants to review them in groups, and check whether needs or threats corresponding to these principles were not overlooked. Insist: This approach highlights how the Guiding Principles can also be used as a check list for assessing the situation and needs of IDPs. Allow 15� for additional group work. Allow 30� for group work Take response in plenary. Write down Guiding Principles corresponding to the needs/threats identified. Insist: To the needs and threats we have identified in the case study correspond the right of the affected people to be protected from them. This means that these people holds a claim, or legal entitlement, and someone else holds a corresponding duty or legal obligation. With a right based approach, effective action to fulfill the rights moves from the optional realm of charity into the mandatory realm of law. Ask participants to list Guiding Principles which have not been referred to. If the list is not to long, you can ask participants to review them in groups, and check whether needs or threats corresponding to these principles were not overlooked. Insist: This approach highlights how the Guiding Principles can also be used as a check list for assessing the situation and needs of IDPs. Allow 15� for additional group work.

6. Ask participants: What is protection? Write down responses on the flipchart. Complementary question: Does protection imply that a solution should be found to all the problems identified? Show slide: This definition emerged from a series of workshops held by the ICRC to re-examine the humanitarian community�s understanding of the concept of protection. The notion of protection recognises human beings as much more than physical organisms in need of the means of survival. Humanitarian work extents beyond physical assistance to the protection of a human being in their fullness. This means a concern for a person�s safety, dignity and integrity as a human being. Ask participants: What is protection? Write down responses on the flipchart. Complementary question: Does protection imply that a solution should be found to all the problems identified? Show slide: This definition emerged from a series of workshops held by the ICRC to re-examine the humanitarian community�s understanding of the concept of protection. The notion of protection recognises human beings as much more than physical organisms in need of the means of survival. Humanitarian work extents beyond physical assistance to the protection of a human being in their fullness. This means a concern for a person�s safety, dignity and integrity as a human being.

7. Assistance and protection:two sides of the same coin Guiding Principle 27: Organisations �when providing assistance should give due regard to the protection needs and human rights of IDPs and take appropriate measure� The enlarged notion of protection is also reflected in the Guiding Principle 27, which restates the complementarity of assistance and protection. This approach is well accepted within the humanitarian community, as shown by the quote taken from the Sphere Handbook. Sphere is a guidance document comprising a set of minimum standards in core areas of humanitarian assistance. It comprises a Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards to be attained in disaster assistance, in five key sectors (water supply and sanitation, nutrition, food aid, shelter and health services). Ask participants Why should humanitarian action comprise both the delivery and assistance, and protection activities? Humanitarian action focusing primarily on assistance falls short of protection people and meeting their primary need for safety (for example from war violence, sexual violence, etc.) People obviously require personal protection as well as food aid and healthcare if they are not to become �well-fed dead�. The enlarged notion of protection is also reflected in the Guiding Principle 27, which restates the complementarity of assistance and protection. This approach is well accepted within the humanitarian community, as shown by the quote taken from the Sphere Handbook. Sphere is a guidance document comprising a set of minimum standards in core areas of humanitarian assistance. It comprises a Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards to be attained in disaster assistance, in five key sectors (water supply and sanitation, nutrition, food aid, shelter and health services). Ask participants Why should humanitarian action comprise both the delivery and assistance, and protection activities? Humanitarian action focusing primarily on assistance falls short of protection people and meeting their primary need for safety (for example from war violence, sexual violence, etc.) People obviously require personal protection as well as food aid and healthcare if they are not to become �well-fed dead�.

8. Here are examples of how protection can be delivered: Humanitarian assistance: Often physical or legal protection are what springs to mind, however the concept of protection must also include the notion of access to basic rights such as food, shelter, education and medical care. Ensuring the displaced community have access to these basic rights is important to consider when we talk about protection. However, health, water, shelter or livelihood programs are best designed with IDPs� protection from violence in mind. For example, in a refugee camp in Sierra Leone, sanitation experts consulted with women to map risks and develop a camp protection plan, including proper lighting and location of latrines, as well as the construction of lockable latrines for girls and women (Interaction paper). SPHERE standards: humanitarian organisations should commit to make every effort to ensure that people affected by disasters have access to at least the minimum requirements (water, sanitation, food, nutrition, shelter and health care). Humanitarian presence: can provide a restraint on some of the acts of violence. For example through having human rights monitors. However this is not always the case, and the work may endanger individuals charged with observing human rights violations. Monitoring and reporting: particularly important for protection assessment and situation analysis. Advocacy: core activity for agencies engaged in strategies of persuasion, mobilisation and denunciation. Also requires all levels of protective actions, ie responsive, remedial and environment-building. Mandates of agencies determine the nature of advocacy (ex ICRC neutral).Here are examples of how protection can be delivered: Humanitarian assistance: Often physical or legal protection are what springs to mind, however the concept of protection must also include the notion of access to basic rights such as food, shelter, education and medical care. Ensuring the displaced community have access to these basic rights is important to consider when we talk about protection. However, health, water, shelter or livelihood programs are best designed with IDPs� protection from violence in mind. For example, in a refugee camp in Sierra Leone, sanitation experts consulted with women to map risks and develop a camp protection plan, including proper lighting and location of latrines, as well as the construction of lockable latrines for girls and women (Interaction paper). SPHERE standards: humanitarian organisations should commit to make every effort to ensure that people affected by disasters have access to at least the minimum requirements (water, sanitation, food, nutrition, shelter and health care). Humanitarian presence: can provide a restraint on some of the acts of violence. For example through having human rights monitors. However this is not always the case, and the work may endanger individuals charged with observing human rights violations. Monitoring and reporting: particularly important for protection assessment and situation analysis. Advocacy: core activity for agencies engaged in strategies of persuasion, mobilisation and denunciation. Also requires all levels of protective actions, ie responsive, remedial and environment-building. Mandates of agencies determine the nature of advocacy (ex ICRC neutral).

9. Case study: Part three 5. Decide on what protective action should be taken 6. By whom? Return to the case study: ask participants to select key protection concerns (depending on the number of groups in the workshop). Option 1: Allocate one protection concern to each group and ask that they identify 1) what protection action should be taken, and 2) by which actor. Option 2: Remind groups of their identity (of NGO, government etc). Each group should reflect on what protection action should be taken from their point of view, in response to the key priority concerns Take feedback in plenary. Draw out similarities and differences in the group feedback. Ask if assuming an identity (of NGO, government etc) had an impact on their decisions (for option 2). Check for agreement within the groups. Allow 30� for group work. Return to the case study: ask participants to select key protection concerns (depending on the number of groups in the workshop). Option 1: Allocate one protection concern to each group and ask that they identify 1) what protection action should be taken, and 2) by which actor. Option 2: Remind groups of their identity (of NGO, government etc). Each group should reflect on what protection action should be taken from their point of view, in response to the key priority concerns Take feedback in plenary. Draw out similarities and differences in the group feedback. Ask if assuming an identity (of NGO, government etc) had an impact on their decisions (for option 2). Check for agreement within the groups. Allow 30� for group work.

10. Show the following slide as a feedback to the group work. There are three main types of protective action that impact at different levels to alleviate suffering and prevent further incidents. Responsive action: activity undertaken in connection with an emerging or established pattern of violation and aimed at preventing its recurrence, putting a stop to it, and/or alleviating its immediate effects. Responsive action has a sense of real urgency, and aims to reach a particular group of civilians suffering the immediate horrors of a violation. [Example of responsive action: demobilisation of child soldiers.] Remedial action: activity aimed at restoring people�s dignity and ensuring adequate living conditions subsequent to a pattern of violation, through rehabilitation, restitution, compensation and repair. Longer-term process than responsive action, including recuperation of health, family tracing, livelihood support, housing, education, judicial investigation and redress. [Example of remedial action: education of children following their demobilisation.] Environment-building: any activity aimed at creating and/or consolidating an environment � political, social, cultural, institutional, economic and legal � conducive to full respect for the rights of the individual. Deeper process which is likely to involve the improvement of laws, the training of security forces, development of a non violent political culture, etc. [Example of environment-building activity: advocating for the ratification by the government of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict.] A critical element for the success of the �egg model� is the recognition that no organization can protect all IDPs on its own. Government and agencies need to co-operate in protection work and have a sense of which is best placed to act in a particular moment and on a particular issue.Show the following slide as a feedback to the group work. There are three main types of protective action that impact at different levels to alleviate suffering and prevent further incidents. Responsive action: activity undertaken in connection with an emerging or established pattern of violation and aimed at preventing its recurrence, putting a stop to it, and/or alleviating its immediate effects. Responsive action has a sense of real urgency, and aims to reach a particular group of civilians suffering the immediate horrors of a violation. [Example of responsive action: demobilisation of child soldiers.] Remedial action: activity aimed at restoring people�s dignity and ensuring adequate living conditions subsequent to a pattern of violation, through rehabilitation, restitution, compensation and repair. Longer-term process than responsive action, including recuperation of health, family tracing, livelihood support, housing, education, judicial investigation and redress. [Example of remedial action: education of children following their demobilisation.] Environment-building: any activity aimed at creating and/or consolidating an environment � political, social, cultural, institutional, economic and legal � conducive to full respect for the rights of the individual. Deeper process which is likely to involve the improvement of laws, the training of security forces, development of a non violent political culture, etc. [Example of environment-building activity: advocating for the ratification by the government of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict.] A critical element for the success of the �egg model� is the recognition that no organization can protect all IDPs on its own. Government and agencies need to co-operate in protection work and have a sense of which is best placed to act in a particular moment and on a particular issue.

11. Responsive action Monitor, investigate, share information on protection issues Refer people to assistance/support Cooperate with other humanitarian agencies Be present! Provide assistance to ensure that urgent needs are met, especially for vulnerable groups Support strategies of self-help This typology will be illustrated with the example of SGBV, using rape as a weapon of war. Here are listed examples of responsive activities Firstly the pattern of violations needs to be mapped, what type of abuse, where it is occurring, to whom and by whom. All these issues need to be investigated, monitored and the information shared with appropriate agencies (observing the survivor�s confidentiality). Then there needs to be action to stop the abuses and alleviate the immediate impact of the violations. Responsive action might be: Providing adequate healthcare Providing emotional support Reviving women�s livelihoods Pressurising authorities to set up adequate forms of judicial redress Supporting the preparation of individual legal casesThis typology will be illustrated with the example of SGBV, using rape as a weapon of war. Here are listed examples of responsive activities Firstly the pattern of violations needs to be mapped, what type of abuse, where it is occurring, to whom and by whom. All these issues need to be investigated, monitored and the information shared with appropriate agencies (observing the survivor�s confidentiality). Then there needs to be action to stop the abuses and alleviate the immediate impact of the violations. Responsive action might be: Providing adequate healthcare Providing emotional support Reviving women�s livelihoods Pressurising authorities to set up adequate forms of judicial redress Supporting the preparation of individual legal cases

12. Remedial action Reunite families separated during displacement Promote economic security through assisting with livelihoods Support traditional coping mechanisms Help to return housing to the rightful owner following displacement Extending the same example - the remedial phase implies that the impact of the violations on the individuals has been considered. This type of activity implies ensuring that people�s dignity is restored after an abuse. Remedial action might be: Continuing support for the development of women�s livelihoods Support to women to access basic services, or directly providing basic services Training communities on human rights and humanitarian principles Working with authorities to d raft or adopt national legislation to protect human rightsExtending the same example - the remedial phase implies that the impact of the violations on the individuals has been considered. This type of activity implies ensuring that people�s dignity is restored after an abuse. Remedial action might be: Continuing support for the development of women�s livelihoods Support to women to access basic services, or directly providing basic services Training communities on human rights and humanitarian principles Working with authorities to d raft or adopt national legislation to protect human rights

13. Environment building action Empowering/Capacity building Training on rights for state and non-state authorities Conducting public advocacy on behalf of IDPs Mainstream protection through assistance programmes � to increase awareness internally. Build links between authorities and beneficiaries Finally environment building aims to create conditions making the violation less likely to occur again. Environment building action might be: Pressuring authorities to prosecute perpetrators of the abuse Educating warring parties on their obligations under IHL Conducting public advocacy on behalf of IDPs Mainstream protection through assistance programmes � to increase awareness internally. Build links between authorities and beneficiaries Return to the case study: Groups should write on post-its which types of protection modes their suggested responses correspond to (one different color for each type). Ask groups to complement the list of suggested responses to include protection activities under the modes which have been most overlooked in the group. Finally environment building aims to create conditions making the violation less likely to occur again. Environment building action might be: Pressuring authorities to prosecute perpetrators of the abuse Educating warring parties on their obligations under IHL Conducting public advocacy on behalf of IDPs Mainstream protection through assistance programmes � to increase awareness internally. Build links between authorities and beneficiaries Return to the case study: Groups should write on post-its which types of protection modes their suggested responses correspond to (one different color for each type). Ask groups to complement the list of suggested responses to include protection activities under the modes which have been most overlooked in the group.

14. This slide is an optional slide as an alternative to the �Egg� model (slides 10 to 13). If you use this slide do not use the four slides linked to the �Egg� model as participants will find it confusing. It is recommended to present this typology of protection activities when participants exclusively include NGOs. Denunciation: Pressuring authorities through public disclosure into meeting their obligations and protecting individuals or groups exposed to abuse Persuasion: Convincing authorities through further private dialogue to fulfil their obligations Mobilisation: Sharing information in a discreet way with selected people, bodies or states that have the capacity to influence the authorities Support to services: Empowering existing national / local structures through aid to enable them to protect Substitution services: Directly providing services or material assistance to the victims of violations These five protection modes can be divided into two main groups. The first type of activities aims to influence or responsibilise governments into fulfilling their legal obligations,in cases where they are unwilling or unable to do so (denunciation, persuasion, mobilisation). The second type of activity aims to deliver basic services to the affected either directly or through supporting national capacity (support to services, substitution services). It is important to stress that agencies cannot be expected to carry out all the activities in the circle, but that agencies should collaborate and ensure that all the approaches are covered. This slide is an optional slide as an alternative to the �Egg� model (slides 10 to 13). If you use this slide do not use the four slides linked to the �Egg� model as participants will find it confusing. It is recommended to present this typology of protection activities when participants exclusively include NGOs. Denunciation: Pressuring authorities through public disclosure into meeting their obligations and protecting individuals or groups exposed to abuse Persuasion: Convincing authorities through further private dialogue to fulfil their obligations Mobilisation: Sharing information in a discreet way with selected people, bodies or states that have the capacity to influence the authorities Support to services: Empowering existing national / local structures through aid to enable them to protect Substitution services: Directly providing services or material assistance to the victims of violations These five protection modes can be divided into two main groups. The first type of activities aims to influence or responsibilise governments into fulfilling their legal obligations,in cases where they are unwilling or unable to do so (denunciation, persuasion, mobilisation). The second type of activity aims to deliver basic services to the affected either directly or through supporting national capacity (support to services, substitution services). It is important to stress that agencies cannot be expected to carry out all the activities in the circle, but that agencies should collaborate and ensure that all the approaches are covered.

15. Involving IDPs: a requirement GP 3: IDPs have a right to request assistance GP 7: Information to IDPs; involve IDPs in planning and management of relocation GP 18: Participation of women in planning and distribution of supplies GP 28: Participation on IDPs in planning and management of durable solutions One key element in any protection assessment and strategy is an examination of the actual and potential extent of protection capacity in a given situation. People are seldom passive when they feel at risk: they engage in a range of finely judged actions to cope, respond, adapt and survive. In particular, it is recommended to build on the capacity of the communities affected. One step in the strategy design should be to understand the coping mechanisms and self protection capabilities of protected persons and how they might best be supported and developed. The need to involve IDPs and strengthen their participation in the design and implementation of protection and assistance activities is highlighted consistently in the Guiding Principles: before displacement (GP 7), during displacement (GP 3, 18), after displacement upon return or resettlement (GP 28).One key element in any protection assessment and strategy is an examination of the actual and potential extent of protection capacity in a given situation. People are seldom passive when they feel at risk: they engage in a range of finely judged actions to cope, respond, adapt and survive. In particular, it is recommended to build on the capacity of the communities affected. One step in the strategy design should be to understand the coping mechanisms and self protection capabilities of protected persons and how they might best be supported and developed. The need to involve IDPs and strengthen their participation in the design and implementation of protection and assistance activities is highlighted consistently in the Guiding Principles: before displacement (GP 7), during displacement (GP 3, 18), after displacement upon return or resettlement (GP 28).

16. Here is an indicative list of what should be assessed to determine the capacity of the displaced communities to address their needs. The nature and timing of the threats: What is the precise nature of the threats. What is the general effect on the people suffering them in terms of physical, social, gender, health, economic, political and emotional terms? Are there immediate or longer term needs for safety and assistance as a result of the impact. How are different groups of people (in regard to age, gender, class) affected? The resources within the displaced communities: Is access good and are there sufficient human and material resources? Are there human or material resources that can be used or provided? What is lacking? The practical possibilities and opportunities for resisting these threats: Positive attributes, such as expertise, previous experience, courage and effective leadership, among displaced communities, that may contribute to their protective ability. The history of previous threats: What has the history of these threats been, have they been made before? How did people cope before? Can communities avoid the threats (through displacement, hiding, setting early warning systems, for instance)? Can they confront the threats (forming militias, political mobilisation)? Do they compromise with the threats (paying war taxes, joining armed groups)? The optimal linkage between their own response and that of an agency: How can the coping mechanisms of the affected people be supported? Which networks might contribute to protective alliances? Here is an indicative list of what should be assessed to determine the capacity of the displaced communities to address their needs. The nature and timing of the threats: What is the precise nature of the threats. What is the general effect on the people suffering them in terms of physical, social, gender, health, economic, political and emotional terms? Are there immediate or longer term needs for safety and assistance as a result of the impact. How are different groups of people (in regard to age, gender, class) affected? The resources within the displaced communities: Is access good and are there sufficient human and material resources? Are there human or material resources that can be used or provided? What is lacking? The practical possibilities and opportunities for resisting these threats: Positive attributes, such as expertise, previous experience, courage and effective leadership, among displaced communities, that may contribute to their protective ability. The history of previous threats: What has the history of these threats been, have they been made before? How did people cope before? Can communities avoid the threats (through displacement, hiding, setting early warning systems, for instance)? Can they confront the threats (forming militias, political mobilisation)? Do they compromise with the threats (paying war taxes, joining armed groups)? The optimal linkage between their own response and that of an agency: How can the coping mechanisms of the affected people be supported? Which networks might contribute to protective alliances?

17. The participation ladder Collective action: local people set their own agenda and mobilise to, carry it out in the absence of outsiders Co-learning: local people and outsiders share their knowledge to create new understanding and work together plans, to form action with outside facilitation Cooperation: local people work together with outsiders to determine priorities; responsibility remains with outsiders for directing the process Consultation: local opinion are asked; outsiders analyse and decide on a course of action Compliance: Tasks are assigned with incentives; outsiders decide agenda and direct the process Co-option: Token representatives are chosen, but have no real input or power Here is a graph designed by UNHCR reflecting the possible degrees of participation of IDPs in decisions affecting their life. Participation can take many forms, ranging from full empowerment to mere token forms. Above �consultation� on the graph, IDPs become actively involved in projects and programmes. At the top of the ladder, IDP community are not just involved in their protection, but take the lead on decisions and actions concerning their own protection. In general, the level of participation is very low in the early phase of an emergency situations. The participation should be enhanced as soon as possible. The ultimate objective should be to reach a situation where IDPs can take their fate into their own hands and set up their own agenda without the participation of external actors. Here is a graph designed by UNHCR reflecting the possible degrees of participation of IDPs in decisions affecting their life. Participation can take many forms, ranging from full empowerment to mere token forms. Above �consultation� on the graph, IDPs become actively involved in projects and programmes. At the top of the ladder, IDP community are not just involved in their protection, but take the lead on decisions and actions concerning their own protection. In general, the level of participation is very low in the early phase of an emergency situations. The participation should be enhanced as soon as possible. The ultimate objective should be to reach a situation where IDPs can take their fate into their own hands and set up their own agenda without the participation of external actors.

18. Case Study: part four 7. What are the practical possibilities and opportunities within displaced communities to resist threats and answer needs? Ask participants: What are the practical possibilities and opportunities within displaced communities to resist threats and answer needs? Allow 15� discussion in groups (by topic). Complement the list of responses with activities in support to the protection capacity of IDPs. Ask participants: What are the practical possibilities and opportunities within displaced communities to resist threats and answer needs? Allow 15� discussion in groups (by topic). Complement the list of responses with activities in support to the protection capacity of IDPs.

19. Best Principles to Protect IDPs Think about law, violation, rights, responsibility Aim to ensure respect (of the law) as well as providing assistance Build on people�s own self-protection capacity Prioritise inter-agency complementarity Prevent counter-protective programming or behaviour (GP 27) Be realistic about the limits of your organisation Use the slide to reflect on the group work solutions. Tips in developing a protection strategy: Think about law, violation, rights and responsibility: A protection approach means first seeing the suffering of people in war or in disaster situation as a violation. 2. Aim to ensure respect of the law as well as providing assistance A protective approach requires that humanitarian organisations go beyond an aid-only approach and also focus on ensuring respect for humanitarian and human rights norms. Hence, the development of various protection modes reviewed in this session 3. Build on people�s own self protection capacity 4. Prioritise inter-agency complementarity It is important to take advantage of these differences in regard to combined efforts to protect civilians. 5. Prevent counter-productive programming or behaviour Agencies can give, say and do things that seem sensible on one level, yet have a terrible affect on the very people they are trying to help. Activities, attitudes an behaviour can all prove counter-productive rather than protective and must be constantly and carefully scrutinised in relation to their impact on people�s safety and protection. The Guiding Principles insist that all organizations and other actors involved in giving assistance and providing protection should respect the relevant international standards and codes of conduct. For instance: 1993 Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief, which seeks to �maintain high standards of independence, effectiveness and impact� of disaster response from humanitarian organisations. 6. Be realistic about your agency�s limits (to connect with �prioritise inter-agency complementarity�) Use the slide to reflect on the group work solutions. Tips in developing a protection strategy: Think about law, violation, rights and responsibility: A protection approach means first seeing the suffering of people in war or in disaster situation as a violation. 2. Aim to ensure respect of the law as well as providing assistance A protective approach requires that humanitarian organisations go beyond an aid-only approach and also focus on ensuring respect for humanitarian and human rights norms. Hence, the development of various protection modes reviewed in this session 3. Build on people�s own self protection capacity 4. Prioritise inter-agency complementarity It is important to take advantage of these differences in regard to combined efforts to protect civilians. 5. Prevent counter-productive programming or behaviour Agencies can give, say and do things that seem sensible on one level, yet have a terrible affect on the very people they are trying to help. Activities, attitudes an behaviour can all prove counter-productive rather than protective and must be constantly and carefully scrutinised in relation to their impact on people�s safety and protection. The Guiding Principles insist that all organizations and other actors involved in giving assistance and providing protection should respect the relevant international standards and codes of conduct. For instance: 1993 Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief, which seeks to �maintain high standards of independence, effectiveness and impact� of disaster response from humanitarian organisations. 6. Be realistic about your agency�s limits (to connect with �prioritise inter-agency complementarity�)

20. In conclusion, you can ask participants to reflect for two minutes on how their organisation or agency could improve its protection practice. What steps would need to be taken to ensure the improvement. They do not have to share their reflections with the group. In conclusion, you can ask participants to reflect for two minutes on how their organisation or agency could improve its protection practice. What steps would need to be taken to ensure the improvement. They do not have to share their reflections with the group.