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Cellpordy. The ONLY game show that helps you learn your fun cell facts. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT CELLS?. Cells Versus Atoms. How are cells and atoms related? What is different about them? What is similar about them?. Cells Versus Atoms. How are cells and atoms related?
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Cellpordy The ONLY game show that helps you learn your fun cell facts
Cells Versus Atoms • How are cells and atoms related? • What is different about them? • What is similar about them?
Cells Versus Atoms • How are cells and atoms related? • Atoms form to make molecules, molecules form to make cells • What is different about them? • Cells are much larger. Cells are composed of millions of molecules. Cells are essential to all life • What is similar about them? • Atoms are the building blocks for chemistry and cells are the building blocks for life
Cells Versus Atoms Atoms to Cells
Molecules into Structures • What is the relationship between cells and carbon atoms? • Who cares about carbon? Why?
Molecules into Structures • What is the relationship between cells and carbon atoms? • Cells are composed of atoms, and carbon atoms are essential in cells. • Who cares about carbon? Why? • We do. Carbon is essential to life
What are the most common elements in living organisms? Calcium Oxygen Carbon Sodium Silicon Glue Sulfur Uranium Hydrogen Helium Phosphorus Gum Nitrogen
What are the most common elements in living organisms? S.C.H.N.O.P’s Sulfur Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus
Organic Molecules • What are four important types of organic molecules? • Define and Describe • Examples • Similarities and Differences
Organic Molecules • What are four important types of organic molecules? • Carbohydrates: an organic compound made of C, H, and O. Examples are sugars, starches, and cellulose. • Lipids: fat, oil, fatlike compound usually has fatty acids in its molecular structure. Most important in plasma membrane • Proteins: composed of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acids. Most structural materials and enzymes in a cell are proteins. • Nucleic Acids: Describes DNA or RNA . Composed of nucleotides are in important for coding instructions for the cell processes. Large.
Energy Reserves in Plant and Animals • What are lipids? • Starches? • What advantage do lipids have over starches?
Energy Reserves in Plant and Animals • What are lipids? • essential for cell growth. • combine with carbohydrates and proteins to form the majority of all plant and animal cells. • The three major purposes of lipids in the body are storing energy, aiding the development of cell membrane • Advantage: Lipids store more energy in their molecular bonds than proteins or carbohydrates • Starches • Starches are complex carbohydrates which are produced by green plants in order to store energy.
Proteins • How do so many proteins exist? • Each protein serves a specific purpose in our bodies, so many proteins have evolved to fit all the different roles
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes: Definition • Eukaryotes: Definition
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes: simple organism without nucleus: an organism whose DNA is not contained within a nucleus, e.g. a bacterium • Eukaryotes: organism with visible nuclei: any organism with one or more cells that have visible nuclei and organelles
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Similarities and Differences
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Bigger Smaller Complex Appendages Simple Appendages Flagella Cell Wall Simple when present Cell Wall Complex No Cytoskeleton Plasma Membrane Cytoskeleton No Membrane Bound Organelles Membrane Bound Organelles Cell Division Cytoplasm Unbound Nucleoid Membrane Bound Nucleus and Nucleolus Ribosome Chromosome
Cell Anatomy: Animals versus Plants Animal cells and Plant Cells Similarities and Differences
Movement Through Membranes Osmosis Diffusion Molecules go through a semipermeable membrane. Just add water Molecules spread over a large area Everything but water Molecules move around to create an equilibrium. Move from High to Low concentrations
Membranes. What are they and what are they used for? • Thin structure forming the outer surface of a cell's protoplasm. • Regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell. • Holds the cell together. • Made of a double layer of phospholipids with proteins that stretch though the phospholipid layers on the inside, outside, or both layers together.
Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic • Hypotonic: Concentration of water INSIDE cell is greater • Isotonic: Concentration of water is EQUAL • Hypertonic: Concentration of water OUTSIDE cell is greater
Concentration Gradient • The concentrations of molecules at various points separate high concentrations from low create a boundary called a concentration gradient • There is a concentration gradient because of the differences in concentration
What is Active versus Passive Transport?Does one require energy? Which one?
Active versus Passive Transport • Active and passive transport • Are biological processes that move oxygen, water and nutrients into cells and remove waste products. • Active transport: • Requires ENERGYbecause it is the movement of molecules from areas of LOWERconcentration to areas of HIGHER concentration. • Uses Protein synthesis to aid • Passive transport: • Moves molecules from areas of HIGHconcentration to areas of LOWconcentration; so it DOES NOT require energy. • Diffusion • Osmosis • Facilitated Diffusion
Active versus Passive Transport • Glucose? • Water? • Oxygen? • Sodium? • Starch?
Active versus Passive Transport • Glucose • Cannot move easily because it is large. But can pass through with Passive Transport with the facilitated diffusion • Water • Can move easily because it is small. Uses Osmosis, which is Passive Transport • Oxygen • Can move easily because it is small and moves through diffusion (Passive Transport) • Sodium • Use Active Transport, requiring Energy to move against the concentration gradient as well as with it. In animal cells the concentration of sodium ions is greater outside the cell
Why is it so bad to drink seawater? • There is more water in your cells compared to the external environment with salt water solution. • Creating a hypotonic state with a higher concentration gradient of water from cells moving outward through osmosis. • Water will leave the cell through passive transport leaving the cell to contract or shrink. • You will become dehydrated, if the dehydration continues you could die. • “because you can’t pull the water from the salt for your body to use and it just builds up until you go insane and talk to volleyballs”http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060908200142AAeutyW
Why must cells dividein order to grow? Why is this so important? • Cells must divide in order to reach maximum efficiency for molecular transport, and maintain the functions of the cell. There are upper limits to how large a cell can become, so when those limits are reached the cells divide. • They divide to replace old cells that are worn down or damaged • Divide to specialize through differentiation in multicellular organisms to become different in appearance and function
What is cell division in prokaryotes?Why do they replicate so fast?
Cell Division in ProkaryotesBinary Fission Bacterial chromosome replicates leading to two identical chromosomes attached to separate points of attachment. The cells begin to divide each cell with an identical chromosome. Two identical daughter cells • Prokaryotes duplicate faster: • have only one large, circular chromosome. • Eukaryotes (human) 46 chromosomes .
Cell Cycle • Why do cells need to divide?
Cell Cycle • Why do cells need to divide? • Cells divide in order to reproduce (mitosis) • Cells divide because other cells get old, die, we get sick or get cuts and need to heal.
