History of chemistry

1. History of chemistry Gabriela Součková, sk.16

2. Period of ancient and practical chemistry • When people learned to manage fire, they discovered how to cast metals. They become to produced pottery and glas. They knew and used some elelments like sulphur, carbon, gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead or mercury. • Egyptians learned to use some solts and dyes. • Chinases learned how to produced paper and porcelain cast – slévat dye - barvivo pottery - keramika

3. Antique Greece • Greek philosophers left in their writings really interesting, but many times only speculative ideas about matter and earth. • Representatives: • Thales from Milet • Herakleitos from Efes • Leukipos from Milet • Démokritos from Abdér (started to use word atomos) • Aristoteles from Stageira (he was conviced that matter is formed by four elements – water, wind, fire and earth)

4. Alchemy – period of prescientic chemistry • Alchemy had incredible tasks: Elixir of life Elixir of immortality Scorcere´s stone Liquid gold Perpetuum mobile Transformation of common metals to gold Immortality – nesmrtelnost Common - běžný

5. Representatives • Abu Abdalah Geber Author of legendary books about chemistry. It isn´t certain if he even existed but we know that books marked by name Geber were used in 13. century in western Europe. • Albert Magnus German monk and philosopher. He described some alloys of metals, the way how to separate gold from mixture by aqua regia or preparation of arsenic certain – jistý alloy – slitina aqua regia – lučavka královská marked - označený

6. Philippus Aureolus ParacelsusHe studied medicine and he travelled a lot as a doctor. He tried to cure some illnesses by useing mercury and its derivates. He thought that chemistry have to be used for the good for mankind • George BauerAuthor of books about mining and chemistry of metals • Johan BaptistFounder of pneumatic chemistry Miming - hornictví

7. Alchemy left to us some very usefull practical knowlages and described some experimental methods (Destilation, extraction, filtration etc.) • Great contribution of alchemy was preparation of strong mineral acides (Greek used as the strongest acid vinegar) • Unfortunately Alchemists did not descibed some new elements because there was a dogma that number of metals is the same as number of planets Vinegar - ocet

8. 17. centrury - Period of first scientic knowlages • Period of new scientic theories, new technical discoveries and first scientic institutions (f.e. Royal Society founded in 1663 in London) • It is also period of great names such as Mikuláš Koperník, Galileo Galilei, Christian Huygens or Robert Boyle

9. 18. century • New theories and replaceing of older and wrong theories. (Lavoisier´s theory of burning instead Sthal´s theory of flogiston) • Fromation of basic chemical laws:Dalton´s, Proust´s, Avogadro´s • Dalton´s atomic theory • Lavoisier´s and Lomonosov´s theory about matter law - zákon

10. 19. And 20. century • New chemical disciplins:Biochemistry, Physical chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Organic chemistry, etc. • New theories:Mendělejev´s periodic law • Representatives:Kekule, Mohr, Guldberg, van´t Hoff, Waag, Arrhenius, Joule, Watson, Criek, Bohr, Calvin Krebs