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Chapter 14 Acids and Bases

Red ants inject formic acid under the skin, which causes burning and irritation. Chapter 14 Acids and Bases. 14.1 Acids and Bases. Acids. Arrhenius acids produce H + ions in water H 2 O H Cl( g ) H + ( aq ) + Cl  ( aq ) are electrolytes have a sour taste

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Chapter 14 Acids and Bases

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  1. Red ants inject formic acid under the skin, which causes burning and irritation. Chapter 14 Acids and Bases 14.1 Acids and Bases

  2. Acids Arrhenius acids • produce H+ ions in water H2O HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl(aq) • are electrolytes • have a sour taste • turn litmus red • neutralize bases

  3. Names of Acids • Acids that produce H+ and a simple nonmetal ion in water are named with the prefix hydro and end with ic acid. HCl hydrochloric acid HBr hydrobromic acid • The acid HCN that produces H+ and the simple polyatomic ion CN is also named with hydro. HCN hydrocyanic acid

  4. Oxyacids of Nitrogen and Sulfur Nitrogen and sulfur each form two oxyacids (acids with polyatomic atoms with oxygen) that are named by changing the end of the • polyatomic ion ate to ic acid (common form) • polyatomic ion ite to ous acid NO3− nitrate ion HNO3 nitric acid NO2− nitrite ion HNO2 nitrous acid SO42− sulfate ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid SO32− sulfite ion H2SO3 sulfurous acid

  5. Acids of Halogens with Oxygen Two oxyacids of the halogens in Group 7A(17) are named by changing the end of the common form • of ate to ic acid (common form) ClO3− chlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid • of ite to ous acid ClO2− chlorite ion HClO2 chlorous acid

  6. Prefixes of Oxyacids of Halogens Two other oxyacids of halogen use prefixes. • An acid with one oxygen more than the ic acid is named with the prefix per HClO3 chloric acid HClO4perchloric acid • An acid with one oxygen less than the ous acid is named with the prefix hypo HClO2 chlorous acid HClO hypochlorous acid

  7. Some Acids and Their Anions

  8. Learning Check Select the correct name for each. A. HBr 1) bromic acid 2) bromous acid 3) hydrobromic acid B. H2CO3 1) carbonic acid 2) hydrocarbonic acid 3) carbonous acid C. HBrO 1) hypobromic acid 2) hypobromous acid 3) bromous acid

  9. Solution A. HBr 3) hydrobromic acid The name of an acid with H and one nonmetal uses the prefix hydro and ends with ic acid. B.H2CO3 1) carbonic acid An acid with H and a polyatomic ion is named by changing the end of the ion’s name from ate ion to ic acid. C. HBrO 2) hypobromous acid A halogen oxyacid with one oxygen less than the ous acid is named by adding the prefix hypo.

  10. Red ants inject formic acid under the skin, which causes burning and irritation. Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid contains a carboxyl group: a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbonyl group (C=O).

  11. Names and Sources of Some Carboxylic Acids

  12. Naming Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids are named • in IUPAC by replacing the e in the alkane name with oic acid • as common names by using prefixes: form, acet, propion, and butyr H─COOH methanoic acid formic acid CH3─COOH ethanoic acid acetic acid CH3─CH2─COOH propanoic acid propionic acid CH3─CH2─CH2─COOH butanoic acid butyric acid

  13. Example of Naming Carboxylic Acids State the IUPAC and common names of the following: CH3—CH2—CH2—COOH 4 3 2 1 IUPAC name butanoic acid Common name butryic acid

  14. Learning Check Give IUPAC and common names for each of the following: A. CH3─COOH B. CH3─CH2─COOH

  15. Solution A. CH3─COOH IUPAC nameethanoic acid Common name acetic acid B. CH3─CH2─COOH IUPAC name propanoic acid Common name propionic acid

  16. Bases Arrhenius bases • produce OH− ions in water • taste bitter or chalky • are electrolytes • feel soapy and slippery • neutralize acids

  17. Some Common Bases • A base with OH ions is named as the hydroxide of the metal in the formula. NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide Fe(OH)3 iron (III) hydroxide

  18. Learning Check Match each of the following formulas with its correct name: A. ___HNO2 1) periodic acid B. ___Ca(OH)2 2) sulfuric acid C. ___H2SO4 3) sodium hydroxide D. ___HIO4 4) nitrous acid E. ___NaOH 5) calcium hydroxide

  19. Solution A. 4) HNO2 nitrous acid B. 5) Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide C. 2) H2SO4 sulfuric acid D. 1) HIO4 periodic acid E. 3) NaOH sodium hydroxide

  20. Learning Check Identify each of the following as a characteristic of an A) acid or B) base. __ 1. has a sour taste __ 2. produces OH in aqueous solutions __ 3. has a chalky taste __ 4. is an electrolyte __ 5. produces H+ in aqueous solutions

  21. Solution Identify each as a characteristic of an A) acid or B) base. A) 1. has a sour taste B) 2. produces OH in aqueous solutions B) 3. has a chalky taste A), B) 4. is an electrolyte A) 5. produces H+ in aqueous solutions

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