Government under Articles of Confederation: Evaluating Effectiveness

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:The Articles of Confederation Section 2:Convention and Compromise Section 3:A New Plan of Government Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3. The Articles of Confederation Essential QuestionHow effective was government under the Articles of Confederation? Chapter Intro

4. Convention and Compromise Essential QuestionWhy is the Constitution a document of compromises? Chapter Intro

5. A New Plan of Government Essential QuestionWhat ideas and features are found in the United States Constitution? Chapter Intro

6. Chapter Time Line

7. Chapter Time Line

8. Chapter Preview-End

9. How effective was government under the Articles of Confederation? Section 1-Essential Question

10. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • constitution • bicameral • republic • petition • ordinance • depreciate Academic Vocabulary • abandon • clause Section 1-Key Terms

11. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Articles of Confederation • John Adams Section 1-Key Terms

12. A B C D How difficult is it to get a group of your friends to agree on what movie to watch or game to play? A.Very difficult B.Somewhat difficult C.Somewhat easy D.Very easy Section 1-Polling Question

13. From Independent States to a Republic The Articles of Confederation created a weak central government and strong state governments. Section 1

14. From Independent States to a Republic(cont.) • In May 1776, the Continental Congress asked each state to adopt a state constitution. • Fearing a powerful single ruler, most states divided government functions between a governor and a bicameral legislature. Capitals of the United States Section 1

15. From Independent States to a Republic(cont.) • Americans agreed that their country should be a republic; however, they could not agree on the organization and powers of their new republic. • After much debate, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederationin November 1777. The Articles of Confederation Section 1

16. From Independent States to a Republic(cont.) • After New York, Virginia, and other states abandoned land claims west of the Appalachian Mountains, all 13 states approved the Articles. • The Articles did not provide a government strong enough to handle the problems facing the United States. Section 1

17. A B C D Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress could do which of the following? A.Regulate trade B.Force citizens to join the army C.Impose taxes D.Conduct foreign affairs Section 1

18. New Land Policies As people moved west, the country needed a process for new states joining the Union. Section 1

19. New Land Policies(cont.) • In 1784 Congress divided the western territory into self-governing districts that could petitionCongress for statehood when the number of people in a district reached the population of the smallest existing state. • In 1785 the Confederation Congress passed an ordinancethat established a procedure for surveying and selling the western lands north of the Ohio River. Section 1

20. New Land Policies(cont.) • The Northwest Ordinance, passed in 1787, created a single Northwest Territory out of the lands north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. • The Northwest Ordinance contained a clause that was the first attempt to stop the spread of slavery in the United States. The Northwest Territory Section 1

21. A B C D Which issue were people concerned about with the Ordinance of 1785? A.The spread of slavery B.Lawless people moving into western lands C.One person buying too much land D.Freedom of religion Section 1

22. Trouble on Two Fronts Financial problems and disputes with Britain and Spain revealed serious weaknesses of the Confederation government. Section 1

23. Trouble on Two Fronts(cont.) • By 1781, the money printed during the Revolutionary War depreciated so far that it was almost worthless. • The weakness of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation made it impossible for the Congress to solve problems. • The department of finance proposed a 5 percent tax on imported goods, but the plan was not unanimously approved by the states. Section 1

24. Trouble on Two Fronts(cont.) • John Adamswas not able to negotiate with the British because the states did not honor the promises made in the Treaty of Paris. • Southern states blocked an agreement with Spain because the agreement did not include the right to use the Mississippi River. • Americans began to agree that the country needed a stronger government. Section 1

25. A B C D Who honored all the promises they made in the Treaty of Paris? A.Both Britain and the United States B.Just Britain C.Just the United States D.Neither Britain nor the United States Section 1

26. Section 1-End

27. Why is the Constitution a document of compromises? Section 2-Essential Question

28. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • depression • manumission • proportional • compromise Academic Vocabulary • convention • amend Section 2-Key Terms

29. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Shays’s Rebellion • James Madison • Alexander Hamilton • Virginia Plan • New Jersey Plan • Great Compromise • Three-Fifths Compromise Section 2-Key Terms

30. A B C In your experience, what is typically the best approach to use when faced with a disagreement? A.Hold your ground no matter what B.Attempt to reach a compromise C.Accept the decisions of the other side without argument Section 2-Polling Question

31. A Call for Change The government under the Articles of Confederation faced many problems. Section 2

32. A Call for Change(cont.) • After the Revolutionary War, the United States experienced a depression. • Suffering American farmers revolted against government treatment they felt was unfair in Shays’s Rebellion. • The Revolutionary War brought attention to the contradiction between the American battle for liberty and the practice of slavery. Framers of the Constitution Section 2

33. A Call for Change(cont.) • Between 1783 and 1804, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey passed laws that gradually ended slavery. • Virginia passed a law that encouraged manumission, the freeing of individual enslaved persons. Section 2

34. A B C D Which group organized the first American antislavery society? A.The Sons of Liberty B.The Daughters of Liberty C.The Quakers D.The Protestants Section 2

35. The Constitutional Convention National leaders reshape the government. Section 2

36. The Constitutional Convention(cont.) • In September 1786, Alexander Hamilton proposed calling a convention in Philadelphia to discuss trade issues. • Edmund Randolph introduced theVirginiaPlan, which was largely the work of James Madison. The Virginia plan: • Created a strong national government. Virginia and New Jersey Plans Section 2

37. The Constitutional Convention(cont.) • Called for a two-house legislature, a chief executive chosen by the legislature, and a court system. • Made the number of representatives in legislature proportional to the population of each state. • Was unpopular with the small states. Virginia and New Jersey Plans Section 2

38. The Constitutional Convention(cont.) • William Paterson proposed the New Jersey Plan, which was designed to simply amend the Articles of Confederation. Virginia and New Jersey Plans Section 2

39. A B C D Who presided over the meetings at the Constitutional Convention? A.John Hancock B.James Madison C.George Washington D.Benjamin Franklin Section 2

40. Compromise Wins Out A new Constitution is adopted. Section 2

41. Compromise Wins Out(cont.) • On June 19, the states voted to work toward a national government based on the Virginia Plan that also satisfied the small states. • Roger Sherman of Connecticut suggested a compromisefor determining representation that came to be known as the GreatCompromise. Section 2

42. Compromise Wins Out(cont.) • The Three-Fifths Compromisecounted each enslaved person as three-fifths of a free person for both taxation and representation. • To keep the Southern states in the nation, Northerners agreed that the Congress could not interfere with the slave trade until 1808. • George Mason proposed a bill of rights to be included in the Constitution, but his proposal was defeated. Section 2

43. Compromise Wins Out(cont.) • On September 17, 1787, the delegates assembled in Philadelphia to sign the Constitution. Section 2

44. A B According to the Great Compromise, in which house would each state be represented by two members? A.The House of Representatives B.The Senate Section 2

45. Section 2-End

46. What ideas and features are found in the United States Constitution? Section 3-Essential Question

47. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • federalism • legislative branch • executive branch • Electoral College • judicial branch • checks and balances • amendment Academic Vocabulary • tradition • reside Section 3-Key Terms

48. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • John Locke • Baron de Montesquieu Section 3-Key Terms

49. A B C D How effective do you feel the present form of American government is? A.Very effective B.Somewhat effective C.Somewhat ineffective D.Very ineffective Section 3-Polling Question

50. Roots of the Constitution As the Framers wrote the Constitution, they borrowed ideas from other political systems and philosophers of the Enlightenment. Section 3