WINDSOR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE St.Kitts

1. WINDSOR UNIVERSITYSCHOOL OF MEDICINESt.Kitts Dr. SREEKANTH THOTA DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY UPPER LIMB Upper limb joints

2. Type • Articulation • Capsule • Ligaments • Movements • Blood Supply • Nerve Supply

3. Glenohumeral Joint • SHOULDER JOINT • TYPE: • Synovial : ball and socket joint • Bony articulation • -Head of the Humerus • -Glenoid cavity of the Scapula • (deepened by Glenoid labrum)

5. Important Relation • Anteriorly • Subscapular, • Axillart vessels, BP • Posteriorly • Infraspinatus, TMin • Superiorly • Supraspinatus, • Subacromial Bursa • Coracoacromiallig., Deltoid m. • Inferiorly • Long head of Triceps, Axillary n • Post.circumflex humeral artery.

7. Bursa of Shoulder Joint Contain thin layer of synovial fluid Located where tendons rub against bone, ligaments, or tendons and when skin moves over bone directly beneath Subscapular bursa Subacromial (subdeltoid) bursa

8. Subscapular bursa • Between tendon of subscapularis muscle and neck of scapula • Communicates with cavity of shoulder joint • Subacromial (subdeltoid) bursa • Between deltoid, supraspinatus tendon and glenohumeral capsule • Does not communicate with cavity of shoulder • Facilitates movement of deltoid over joint capsule and supraspinatus tendon under coracoacromial arch

9. Movements: • Mobile but unstable joint • - The head of the humerus doesn’t fit perfectly • With the glenoidfossa • Glenoid labrum

10. FLEXION • Pectoralis Major • Deltoid m.(anterior.fibres) • Bicpes • Coraco brachialis • EXTENSION • * Deltoid • * Latissimus Dorsi • * teres Major • * Pectoralis Major [sternal fibers- extension of • flexed arm • * Triceps –long head

11. ABDUCTION • Deltoid m.(mid.fibres) • Supraspinatus m. • ADDUCTION • Pectoralis major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major • LATERAL ROTATION. • Infraspinatus, Teres minor • Deltoid (post. fibres) • MEDIAL ROTATION. • Subscapular, Latisimus Dorsi, Teres minor • Deltoid (ant. fibres)

12. Stability • Depends mainly on • Rotator cuff muscle, • deltiod & biceps muscles • The weakest part is • the inferior aspect of the capsule( no muscles)

13. ANTERIOR DISLOCATION • shoulder joint is the most commonly dislocated large joints • Common type is anterior dislocation (post. Dislocation is very rare) • Young adult(athletes) • Excessive extension and lateral rotation of the humerus • Head of the humerus comes to lie inferior to the glenoidfossa • Head is pulled (by flexors and adductors of the shoulder joint) forward And upward into the subcoracoid position

15. Elbow Joint TYPE: Hinge type of synovial joint ARTICULATIONS : Trochlea and spheroidalcapitulum of the humerus articulate with the trochlear notch of the ulna and the slightly concave superior aspect of the head of the radius

16. CAPSULE : The fibrous layer of the joint capsule surrounds the elbow joint. The synovial membrane lines the internal surface of the fibrous layer of the capsule and the intracapsular non-articular parts of the humerus.

17. Ligaments of the Elbow Joint Lateral: Radial collateral ligament extends from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and blends distally with the anular ligament of the radius. Medial: Ulnar collateral ligament extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna.

18. Movements of the Elbow Joint Flexion and extension occur at the elbow joint. Chief flexors of the elbow joint are the brachialis and biceps brachii. Chief extensor of the elbow joint is the triceps brachii.

19. Carrying angle of elbow joint This angle is made by the axes of the arm and forearm when the elbow is fully extended. Note that the forearm diverges laterally, forming an angle that is greater in the woman.

20. Blood Supply of the Elbow Joint The arteries supplying the elbow joint are derived from the anastomosis around the elbow joint

21. Nerve Supply of the Elbow Joint Hilton's law states that the nerves supplying the muscles extending directly across and acting at a given joint also innervate the joint.

22. Bursae around the Elbow Joint 1. Intratendinousolecranon bursa 2. Subtendinousolecranon bursa 3. Subcutaneous olecranon bursa

23. Bursitis of the Elbow Student's elbow: Subcutaneous olecranon bursa is exposed to injury during falls on the elbow and to infection from abrasions of the skin covering the olecranon.

24. Proximal radioulnar joint Type: Pivot type of synovial joint Articulation: Head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna Ligaments: The strong anular ligament, attached to the ulna anterior and posterior to its radial notch.

25. Movements Pronation and supination. Pronation: Pronatorquadratus (primarily) and pronatorteres Supination:Supinator and biceps brachii.

26. Subluxation and Dislocation of Radial Head Pulled elbow or Nursemaid's elbow The sudden pulling of the upper limb tears the distal attachment of the anular ligament, where it is loosely attached to the neck of the radius.

27. Wrist Joint (radiocarpal) Type: Condyloid (ellipsoid) type of synovial joint Articulation: The ulna does not participate in the wrist joint. The distal end of the radius articulate with the proximal row of carpal bones, except for the pisiform.

28. Movements of the Wrist Joint Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (radial deviation and ulnar deviation).

29. Muscles Moving the Wrist Joint

30. Fractures • Clavicle • Humerus • Radius • Scaphoid

31. Junction of Medial 2/3rd and Lateral 1/3rd

32. Fracture of Surgical Neck of Humerus Damage to Axillary nerve and Post. Circumflex humoral Artery Fracture of Mid Shaft Humerus Damage to Radial Nerve and Deep artery of Arm Humerus Fractures • Fracture of Medial Epicondyle • Damage to Ulnar Nerve Fracture of Supracondylar part: Damage to median nerve and Brachial artery

33. Fall on Out stretched Hand Overall : Dorsal Displacement of Wrist and Hand Specifically: Dorsal and Proximal Displacement of Distal segment of fractured radius This is more common in older person

34. Wrist Fractures Colles fracture: Distalfracture of the radius in the forearm with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand. Smiths fracture: The distal fracture fragment is displaced ventrally, as opposed to a Colles' fracture which the fragment is displaced dorsally.