EOH3101 PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH POPULATION & URBANIZATION

1. EOH3101PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHPOPULATION & URBANIZATION DR. SHAHARUDDIN MOHD SHAM DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES, UPM

2. Introduction • Geographical distribution of people in rural areas, towns and cities significantly influences the social, environmental and economic aspects of population growth. • Example: In 1600s, the majority of the North American population consisted of farmers in rural areas. Today, approximately 25% of people in the USA are involved in agriculture, and the other 75% live in cities.

3. Urbanization – process of which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely populated cities • What qualifies as an urban area? • Denmark – 250 people • Greece – 10,000 people • USA – 2,500 people

4. Rural Urban

5. Important distinction between rural and urban areas • Rural areas – have occupations that involve harvesting natural resources such as fishing, logging and farming • Urban areas – most have jobs that are not directly connected with natural resources

6. Difference in characteristics of the urban and rural population • Urban areas are more heterogeneous with respect to race, ethnicity, religion and socioeconomic status compared to populations in rural areas • People in urban areas tend to be younger than in the surrounding countryside. This is caused by influx of many young adults from rural areas.

7. Urban and rural areas often have different proportions of males and females • Cities in developing countries tend to have more males Example: In African cities, males migrate to the cities in search of employment, while females remain in the country and tend the farms and their children • Cities in highly developed countries often have a higher ratio of females to males Example: Women in rural areas often have little chance of employment after graduating from high school, so they move to urban areas

8. The City as an Ecosystem • The ecosystem approach is used to better understand how cities function and how they change overtime. • 4 variables in urban trends and patterns – POET • Population • Organization • Environment • Technology

9. Population Refers to the number of people (birth, death, immigration and emigration) and the composition of the city by age, sex and ethnicity • Organization Refers to the social structure of the city, including its economic policies, method of government and social hierarchy

10. Environment Refers to both the natural environment such as location of the city by the river or in the desert, and also the city’s physical infrastructure, including roads, bridges and buildings. It also includes changes to the natural environment that are caused by humans, such as water and air pollution

11. Technology Refers to human inventions that directly affect the urban environment. Example: aqueducts used to carry water long distances to cities in arid environments, and air-conditioning, which allows people to live in comfort in hot, humid cities. The four variables (POET) do not function independently, they are interrelated, often in complex ways.

12. Environmental problems associated with Urban Areas • Growing urban areas affect land-use pattern and destroy or fragment wildlife habitat by urban sprawl that encroaches into former forest, wetlands, deserts or agricultural land in rural areas Example: Chicago, Boston and New Orleans in the USA are former wetlands.

13. Boston Chicago

14. New Orleans before and after Katrina (2005)

15. Commuting from suburban areas to city centres is a necessity for workers living in large urban areas, and since development is so spread out, automobiles has become a important tool to accomplish everyday chores. This heavy dependence on motor vehicles increases air pollution and causes other environmental problems.

16. Water flow in cities are affected by covering of rainfall-absorbing soil with buildings and paved roads. It is polluted with organic wastes, motor oil, lawn fertilizers and heavy metals. This water (called urban runoff) is cleaned up in sewage treatment plants before being discharged into nearby waterways. However, high levels of precipitation can overwhelm the treatment plants and result in the release of untreated urban runoff. This contaminates water far beyond the boundaries of the city

19. High density of automobiles, factories and commercial enterprises in urban areas causes a build-up of air-borne emissions, such as particulate matter (dust), sulfur oxides, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOC). • Urban areas in developing nations have the worst air pollution in the world. Example: In Mexico City, the air is so polluted that schoolchildren are not allowed to play outside during much of the school year.

20. Mexico City

21. Urban Heat Island • Caused by the heat released by human activities which is retained by paved streets and buildings and slowly released into the atmosphere. • Cities are also warmer than the surrounding countryside.

23. Environmental benefits of Urbanization • A well-planned city actually benefits the environment by reducing pollution and preserving rural areas. • Compact development • Cities are designed so that tall, multiple unit residential areas are close to shopping and jobs, all of which are connected by public transport. • Fewer parking lots and highways are needed, so there are more room for parks, open space, housing and businesses. • Compact development makes a city more livable, and more people may want to live there.

24. Nagoya in Japan. This is a compact city with small businesses occupying the lower floors of its average 10-15 level commercial + residential buildings

25. Urbanization trends • 47% of the world’s population currently lives in urban areas. Before 2010, it will increase to more than 50%. • Percentage of people living in cities compared to rural settings currently is greater in highly developed countries (75%) than is developing countries (40%). • Most urban growth in the world is occurring in developing countries whereas highly developed countries are experiencing little urban growth.

27. Although proportionately more people still live in rural areas in developing countries, urbanization has been increasing rapidly. • UN Data: 400 cities worldwide has a population of more than 1 million; 284 are in developing countries. • 1950: only 3 of the 10 largest cities in the world were in developing countries; In 2000: 7 of the largest cities were in developing countries.

28. Percentage of urban population and agglomerations by class size, 2025 https://smartcities.ieee.org/about

29. http://www.newgeography.com/files/cox-wua-16-3.jpg

30. Challenges faced by cities in developing countries The faster pace of urban growth in developing countries has outstripped the limited capacity of many cities to provide basic services. It has also overwhelmed their economic growth. The challenges faced are: • Substandard housing (slums and squatter areas) • Poverty • Exceptionally high unemployment • Heavy pollution • Inadequate or nonexistent water, sewage and waste disposal • Strain schools, medical and transportation systems

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34. Homelessness – shared by cities in both developed and developing countries. • This problem is more pronounced in the cities of developing countries. • In the USA, there are 300,000 to 500,000 homeless people on any given night. • In Calcutta, India, perhaps 250,000 homeless people sleep in the streets each night.

36. Urban issues • Poverty • Crime • Example: Understanding crime in urban and rural areas (handout) • Potential epidemics in densely populated cities • Example: risk of urban yellow fever outbreaks in Africa (handout)

37. Think about this… • What is urbanization? • What is the urbanization trend today in largely rural nations? • What are some of the problems brought on by rapid urban growth in developing countries? • Which countries are the most urbanized? • The least urbanized countries?

38. Urbanization and lifestyle changes Urbanization is the term used to describe the demographic trend in which the world's population is becoming increasingly concentrated in urban communities. Its results include significant changes to the environment and lifestyles.

39. Today, more than half the world's population lives in cities, a number expected to rise to more than 70% by 20501. • The speed of urbanization often leaves little room for planned management of urban spaces and the wider environment, with the result that one urban dweller in every three - around 1 billion people1 - lives in slums. 1WHO. Urbanization and health. Bulletin of the WHO; 88:241-320 (2010). Available at: www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/4/10-010410/en/, viewed 12/03/2014.

40. Urbanization and health • The urban environment and its associated lifestyle come with risk factors that threaten the health of individuals. • Urban air pollution was responsible for the premature deaths of around 3.7 million people worldwide in 20123. The fine particulates emitted by motor vehicles, industry and domestic fuel combustion are responsible for a range of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions and cancers. 3WHO. Media centre. Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health. Fact sheet 313. March 2014. Available at: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/, viewed 12/5/2014.

41. Urban life encourages the consumption of food with few nutritional benefits. The composition of human diets has changed as a result of globalization and urbanization, as ready-to-eat, manufactured food products containing high levels of salt, sugar and fat have replaced non-processed natural produce. The rising levels of obesity and associated health problems seen in many countries are the direct consequence of this change.

42. Every year, at least 2.8 million people around the world die as a result of overweight or obesity4. • Urban living encourages sedentary lifestyles. Overpopulation, road traffic density, excessive use of motorized transportation, poor air quality and too few public spaces make physical activity more difficult in cities. At the global level, absence of physical exercise and sedentary lifestyles are the 4th-largest risk factor for mortality5. 4WHO. 10 facts on obesity. May 2014 Available at: www.who.int/features/factfiles/obesity/en/, viewed 12/5/2014. 5WHO. 10 facts on physical activity. February 2014 Available at: www.who.int/features/factfiles/physical_activity/en/, viewed 12/5/2014.

43. Urbanization: a factor in the rise of chronic diseases3 • The combined effects of urbanization (air pollution, sedentary lifestyles and poor diet) contribute to the expanding worldwide epidemic of chronic diseases6: • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma and heart disease3: the level of atmospheric pollution is impacting the cardiovascular and respiratory health of the population • Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes7: lack of physical activity and high-energy diets are causal factors for the global obesity epidemic, the incidence of cardiovascular disease and the constantly rising rate of type 2 diabetes worldwide • Cancer: the cancer-inducing potential of fine particulate air pollution has been proven and associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer. But sedentary lifestyles and diet also play a role in encouraging certain types of cancer, including esophageal, colorectal, breast, endometrial and kidney cancers 3WHO. Media centre. Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health. Fact sheet 313. March 2014. Available at: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/, viewed 12/5/2014. 6WHO. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. WHO/FAO expert consultation report. WHO Technical Report Series, 916 Available at: www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/summary/en/, viewed 12/5/2014. 7WHO. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. WHO/FAO expert consultation report. WHO Technical Report Series, 916 Available at: www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/summary/en/; viewed 5/12/2014.

44. Preventing the consequences of urbanization: a global concern • As part of improving health worldwide, authorities and institutions are now considering the introduction of programs tailored to local lifestyles with the aim of: • Increasing physical activity • Encouraging healthy eating • Incentivizing urban dwellers to adopt transportation and heating methods that protect air quality

45. Thank you for your attention !!!