EA 2&3 Review

1. EA 2&3 Review U.S. Imperialism Progressive Policies Spanish-American War WWI in the Americas (U.S. vs. Canadian vs. Brazil vs. Cuba) 20th Century War comparison (paper 2) Cold War in the Americas

2. U.S. Imperialism Justifications for imperialism Monroe Doctrine Progressive Presidents Foreign Policy Examples of US imperialism Spanish American War

3. Analyze the justifications for US imperialism.

4. Imperialism • What was the Monroe Doctrine? How did it impact our relationship with Latin America? • Manifest Destiny: it was the US “destiny” to expand from “sea to shining sea” • Expansion as a moral duty (Social Darwinism, Eugenics, Western supremacy) • Expansion as a practical necessity (realism, military superiority, trade) • Economic reasons for expansion (sought markets beyond North America, US oil/steel companies sought new markets & resources; protect Open Door) • Political reasons for expansion (already a US presence in the Pacific, treaties established formal trading relationships, protect US trade interests, naval bases)

5. Define what the Monroe Doctrine was and analyze how it was applied in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Support your answer with specific examples.

6. Usage of the Monroe Doctrine Late Nineteenth Century Early Twentieth Century Roosevelt Corollary “flagrant and chronic wrongdoing by a Latin American Nation” Venezuelan Crisis Panama Canal Occupation of Cuba Platt Amendment • Annexation of Hawaii • Spanish-American War

7. Compare and Contrast the foreign policies of two US presidents from 1896-1914

8. Imperialist Policies • Roosevelt & Big Stick Diplomacy • “Speak softly and carry a big stick,” try to solve things diplomatically, but if that didn’t work, use military or military threat • Paraded navy around (great white fleet) to show military superiority • Panama Canal (approaches Colombia/Panama first to offer a deal of construction, Colombia refuses, TR sponsors a revolt to establish independence and then builds) • Taft & Dollar Diplomacy • Use our economy to get what we wanted – fund, loans, trade • Still intervention in the region, just economically, not militarily • Wanted influence in Latin America and this was our way of expanding economic influence • Honduras: was in debt to Britain, US paid their debt, but still had no influence in the country • Nicaragua: mining interest, financially backed revolution (Congress rejected, funded by private US banks = anti-US sentiment), ends with military intervention anyway • Wilson & Moral Diplomacy • Brought Christianity into politics, wanted human rights for other countries, would use military to bring peace into wars, wanted to help because it’s the right thing to do, and to preserve democracy • DR & Haiti: military forces occupied bases and established government, which ended civil wars so US intervention help (ended up needing to use the military anyway) • Mexico: troops sent to intervene in Civil War, Mexican troops raided villages inside US

9. Analyze the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War.

10. Causes of Spanish-American War Long Term Short Term McKinley is elected in 1896 Popular US citizen support IMMEDIATE: U.S.S. Maine Yellow Journalism • Cuba’s 30 years struggle for independence from Spain • Harsh Spanish retaliation • Some US citizens considered Cuba part of the US because it was geographically close • US businesses invested in Cuba’s sugar industry

11. Effects of Spanish-American War Long Term Short Term Occupy Cuba Spain signs armistice Paris Peace Treaty: $20 million for Cuba, Guam, PR, Philippines • Marks US emergence as global superpower • Ends the Spanish Empire • Allowed to maintain bases overseas • Increases international trade • Continued occupation of Cuba (Platt Amendment)

12. 20th Century Warfare WWI in the Americas U.S. Involvement Total War Comparison

13. Compare and contrast the causes of the First World War and the Second World War. To what extent did militarism contribute to the origins of the First World War and the Second World War?

14. Causes of Total Wars WWI WWII Nationalism Establishment of authoritarian dictators Treaty of Versailles Failure of the League of Nations Militarism • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism • Short Term  Conflict in the Balkans, Africa, Assassination of Ferdinand

15. Assess the reasons for U.S. involvement in both Total Wars. WWI WWII Failure of disarmament Japan’s violation of U.S. sphere of influence Support of China Protect nations vital to our security (Lend-Lease Act) Failed negotiations Pearl Harbor Change in public opinion • Germany’s violation of maritime trade • Wilson’s ultimatum to Germany (unrestricted submarine warfare) • Lusitania • Zimmerman Telegram • Change in public opinion

16. Assess the role of Canada in the First World War. Assess the role of two countries in the Americas in First World War.

17. Role of Canada in WWI • Canada’s role was significant in their evolutionary path to full nationhood • 1914, declared war after England • Thousands of Canadians volunteered for war (4,000 in 1914 = 600,000 by end of WWI) • By 1917, the army had transformed from a militia into an elite fighting force • Important Canadian battles: Ypres, Somme, Passchendaele  victories showed Canada’s “coming of age” and ability to fight independently • Afterwards, PM Borden demanded Britain to treat Canada as an equal • French Canadians (30%) did not support “Britain’s War” and enlistment in Quebec lower than English Canada • Heavy losses & dwindling volunteers pressured Borden to implement conscription in 1917 (Military Service Act) • Conscription Crisis  created a deep and lasting divide between English and French • Canadian economy grew and prospered, especially wheat and manufacturing of artillery • War’s cost was heavy…..over 60,000 killed • Canadian Corps on Western front was a huge source of nationalism • Canada earned a seat at the Versailles Treaty (unimaginable in 1914) • Joined the League of Nations and pursued an independent foreign policy • Policy changes formalized by Britain in Statute of Westminster (1931): gave Canada control over its foreign policy

18. Role of two countries in the Americas Brazil Cuba Consider this in the scope of US occupation Under the Platt Amendment, the US military had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs which led to several periods of occupation pre-WWI Established a system of dependency on the US So when the US declared war, Cuba did too No direct involvement – Cuba was used as a port for navies patrolling the Atlantic/Caribbean Conscripted Cubans, but never sent them overseas Resentment of foreign involvement: pushed for total economic/political independence Heightened internal divisions • Pre-WWI: dependent on exportation of agricultural goods (Especially coffee) • This trade was threatened by submarine warfare • Attempted to maintain neutrality and trade with all powers, but after German blockade, Brazilian merchant ships were sunk • La Parana: Brazilian steamship carrying coffee, traveled in accordance with demands made on neutral nations • Severed relations with Germany April 11, 1917 (After US declared war), but officially declared war on Germany October 1917 • Led to mass protests in Brazil: anti-German violence • Only LA country to be directly involved in war: Navy patrolled Atlantic and seized German ships • Sent military advisors to the Western front, alongside France • As part of Treaty of Versailles, Brazil was allowed to keep German ships that were seized during war • Shift in the economy to produce manufactured goods, since agriculture trade dropped • US encouraged more industrialization and inter-regional trade • Although manufacturing increased, almost completely light consumer goods • Resentment of foreign involvement: pushed for total economic/political independence

19. Analyze the reasons for defeat of Germany in either the First World War or the Second World War.

20. Defeat of Germany World War I World War II Failure to mobilize entire economy and workforce Failure to prepare for an unexpected long war against the USSR Strength of Soviet resistance Lack of key resources needed for war, especially oil Declaration of war on the US brought in a powerful opponent Failure to defeat Britain Overwhelming industrial power of the Allies; couldn’t keep up Allied bombing campaigns affected war production Lack of strong allies Failure to coordinate strategy with Japan Hitler’s racial policies alienated possible supporters Failure of submarine warfare to cut off supplies to the allies In general, strategic errors by Hitler • Necessity of fighting a war on two fronts • Due to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan • Lack of strong allies • Lack of key economic resources as supplies were cut off by naval blockade • Failure of submarine warfare to cripple the Allied war effort • Especially after introduction of convoys • Involvement of the USA • Overwhelmed by industrial strength and manpower • Internal political unrest & instability

21. In what ways, and with what results, did total wars increase the role and status of women? • This is an open-ended question on how 20th century wars altered the role and status of women. It suggest that wars raised their status but some candidates could find evidence to challenge this. The best answers will include evidence from specific wars!!!

22. Role of women in Total Wars • Ways would include: • Role of women in the war effort • Expanded role in the workforce • Results would include: • Increased employment opportunities • Increased responsibilities as heads of families • Gaining the right to vote • Becoming part of the political process • Need to reference specific examples from specific wars!!!

23. Analyze the reasons for the failure of collective security between the First World War and Second World War.

24. Failure of Collective Security Reasons Examples Ruhr Crisis Locarno Era Abyssinian Crisis Manchurian Incident Rearmament Hitler’s violations of TofV • Absence of the US • Great Depression • No enforcement or military • Self-interest • Power of Veto • Sanctions were ineffective • Failure of Disarmament • Countries not willing to aide other countries if attacked

25. Analyze the principal causes of either the Algerian War or the Falklands War. • This question requires that candidates produce an ANALYSIS which focuses clearly on the important causes of either war. A simple narration of events will not be scored well.

26. The Algerian War Reasons Results Human Costs (est. 300,000-1M) Economic costs of the conflict for those involved – not only FLN and France, but also impact on colons and refugees into France Examination of the types of warfare adopted by the sides in a conflict and its impact on relations between communities (FLN use of terror, French use of torture) Crisis of the Fourth Republic = de Gaulle coming to power Eventual independence of Algeria in 1962 (Evian Agreements) • Long-Term reasons that caused resentment of French rule and the status of Algeria as a province of France: the colon population which controlled much of Algeria’s land, resources, and political power despite the overwhelming Muslim majority; failure of peaceful attempts post-war, resentment at the failure of Paris to recognize decolonization post-WWII, Setif Massacre • Short-Term reasons: encouragement of the FLN by Vietnam, examples of colonial nationalism witnessed in French colonies of Morocco and Tunisia – both of which, obtained independence

27. With reference to two twentieth century civil wars, to what extent do you agree with the claim that victory was decided by the nature and extent of foreign intervention.

28. Foreign intervention in 20th century Civil Wars • Chinese Civil War • Korea • Whichever wars are chosen, responses are required to focus on both the nature and extent = this requires specific detail as to what type of aide was provided (financial/raw materials/military technology/military personnel, etc.) and consideration as to whether victory for one side in the conflict was a consequence of such intervention. • To what extent needs to be addressed, so other factors that played a role in victory should be examined – for example, popular support for one side, superior military strategy, possession of economic and logistical advantages, factionalism that weakened one particular side, failure of outside powers to maintain support

29. In what ways were wars “limited” in the twentieth century? Include specific reference to two wars from two different regions.

30. Other practice prompts….. • “Many twentieth century wars had the characteristics of both a limited and a total war.” With reference to two wars explain the extent to which you agree with this statement. • In what ways, and with what results, did either the Korean War OR the Vietnam War bring about social and cultural changes in the countries involved? • Define guerilla warfare, and discuss its significance in two wars, each chosen from a different region. • To what extent did changes in military tactics and strategies determine the outcome of twentieth century wars? • Assess the social and economic causes of one twentieth-century war. (Assess the social results of two wars, each chosen from a different country.)

31. Other possible prompts….. • Assess the role of each of the following in causing the Second World War: the Peace Settlement after the First World War; the economic crisis of 1929 onwards; ideological extremism • Peace Settlement: Do NOT just list the various provisions, but instead note the extent to which the decisions made in Paris resolved the tensions which had provoked conflict and prepared for the future. Could comment on the territorial, economic, collective security arrangements and the ways in which these satisfied and/or angered the powers • Economic Crisis: Consider areas such as: the link between economic crisis and the rise of political extremism, the reluctance of powers to become involved because of economic problems, the expansionist moves of states in pursuit of answers to economic problems (desire for new markets/materials) • Ideological extremism: consideration of Fascism, Nazism, Japanese militarism and the glorification of force in pursuit of political/racial/economic goals; use of force in the pursuit of “national interest” • Compare and contrast the factors that helped and hindered attempts at collective security in the ten years after each world war. • League of Nations, NATO, Warsaw Pact, UN

32. Cold War in the Americas Emergence of Superpowers Containment Involvement in foreign countries Détente

33. Explain the economic and political reasons the USA and USSR emerged as superpowers after 1945?.How is it possible to explain the emergence of the Cold War by referring to events from the period 1945-1950?To what extent was the Cold War a result of WWII?

34. Emergence of superpowers post-WWII Economic Reasons Political Reasons WWII showed that ideals of democracy and international collaboration had triumphed over fascism For the USSR, it showed that communism had triumphed over fascism USSR’s huge losses, and the role of the Red Army in defeating the Nazis, gave Stalin a claim to influence the post-war world The USSR had the political and military strength to prevent a return to instability in Eastern Europe Militarily: In order to defeat Germany, US became number one air-force power and USSR became number one land-force power in the world France and Britain’s inability to defeat Germany changed the balance of power USSR lacked any strong military neighbors = regional power Both US and USSR’s relative strength compared to weakened Europe • USA’s economy was strengthened by war (could out produce all other powers combined) • USA was committed to more “open trade” (wanted liberal trade and market competition, end pre-war pattern of trade-blocs and tariffs) • USA had the economic strength to prevent a return to instability in Europe • Small Eastern European nations were not economically viable on their own, so they needed the support of a stronger neighbor

35. How were the Truman Doctrine and policy of containment implemented in the period 1947-1961? • This is a list question! Go through chronologically how it was implemented and don’t forget to define and explain the Truman Doctrine and containment policy in the beginning.

36. Truman Doctrine & containment: 1947-1961 Containment Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine stated that it should be US policy to support nations who are fighting an internal or external communist threat. Initially intended only for Greece and Turkey, but soon extended globally. Not only military means were used. Economic means, like the Marshall Plan, could be used. There is a lot of information so don’t overwrite. Dealing with a question where you may know too many points requires that you emphasize your main points and briefly mention points of minor importance. • US policy adopted by Truman in which the US attempted to prevent further Soviet or communist expansion beyond territories occupied in 1945. • Co-operation with the USSR was not possible • Based off of George Kennan’s Long Telegram (1946) • By supporting the “free world” mainly militarily but also economically, like the Marshall Plan in Europe and economic aid to Japan, the building of military alliances surrounded the communists.

37. Important uses of Truman Doctrine & Containment • Aide to Greece & Turkey = remained pro-Western • 1948: Marshall Plan led to industrial growth (GNP: 15-25%) • Aide to Japan to build a stronghold against communism in Asia • Due to Berlin Airlift, Berlin was saved from communist takeover • 1949: West Germany was given econ. & pol. Support • 1949: NATO was created (“an armed attack against one nation should be considered an attack on them all”) • 1950: full support for South Korea (TD&Cont now in Asia) • 1950: NSC-68 = massive increase in military spending • In Asia: US supported the French in Indochina War & Taiwan • 1954: SEATO was created to prevent communist expansion in Asia • 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine – assist Middle East • 1961: Trade Embargo against Cuba & Bay of Pigs • 1961: Began to send military advisors/aide to South Vietnam

38. To what extent had the policy of containment been successful in Europe and Asia between 1947-1950?

39. Containment in Europe & Asia 1947-1950 Successes Failures US buildup of Western Europe was a threat from Stalin’s perspective = strengthen control of satellites (led to Czech coup) The “loss” of China = Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty (US aided the GMD, but they still lost) Korean War started in 1950 & Red China supported the North In Vietnam, the French were fighting a difficult war against communist guerillas who were not easily defeated = US now sided with an unpopular colonial ruler because of fear of Domino Effect • Marshall Plan = recovery • Stop left wing support in Greece, Turkey, France, Italy • West Germany = economic recovery; politically stable; democratic elections • Berlin Airlift = turned German population pro-American • Building of a strong Western military alliance, NATO, under American leadership, strengthened the West • In the late 1940’s, the US successfully started to build up Japan as an ally in Asia Conclusion: Summarize the successes and failures; it is possible to conclude that containment had been more successful in Europe than in Asia

40. Why, and with what results, did the USSR place missiles in Cuba in 1962? • There is nothing complicated here….. List the reasons why the USSR decided to place missiles in Cuba and account for the consequences

41. USSR missiles in Cuba Why? What were the results? Account for the Cuban Missile Crisis (NOTE: it is not a question specifically asking for the story of the missile crisis) Account for how the crisis was resolved (US pledge not to invade, dismantling of missiles in Cuba & Turkey) Led to a relaxation of tensions Test Ban Treaty Somewhat contributed to the fall of Khrushchev in 1964 Existence of a communist state in the Americas had a profound effect on US policies in the area In a long-term perspective, the USSR decided to close the missile gap = costly nuclear buildup which affected the Russian economy • USSR wanted to protect the Cuban Revolution • A communist controlled Cuba would provide the USSR with an ability to spread communism to underdeveloped LA countries • Claim that USSR wanted to protect a small state against a superpower • Strengthen USSR’s position in the 3rd world • At the time, the US had 100 ICBM’s & USSR only had 50. These missiles could reach the US and compensate for the lack of ICBM’s • It would put the USSR in a bargaining position (Berlin) • US had nuclear missiles in Turkey • To show toughness to Khrushchev's critics in China & the USSR

42. Why was Germany a center of Cold War problems between 1945-1961? • Again….this is a list question, go through events chronologically

43. Germany & the Cold War: 1945-1961 • Start with how the defeat of Germany in 1945 resulted in this leading country not existing politically and militarily when the war ended. There was an enormous power vacuum in Europe and this is the main explanation for the Cold War in Europe…..who was going to dominate the formerly-strongest power in Europe? • At post-war conferences = zones of occupation (Yalta) & disagreements/solutions about reparations (Potsdam) • Now possible to discuss how problems occurred as the occupying forces each developed different aims • West: build up Germany economically as a buffer against communism in Europe • East: more defensive and feared a rebirth of Germany

44. Germany & the Cold War: 1945-1961 • Berlin Airlift • Showed that no real co-operation was possible and resulted in the independent German states (1949) • Tension during the crisis led to creation of NATO • 1953: revolt in East Germany against Soviet control = crushed by Red Army • 1955: Germany joined NATO = can rebuild army • Explain the importance of the Marshall Plan to West Germany and how this created problems in Berlin = East Germans fled & affected the economy of the East • Khrushchev and his ultimatum in 1958 • When no solution was reached, the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 • Conclusion: The main reason why Germany was so important is its economic potential in combination with there being a power vacuum after the war. The Berlin solution from Yalta/Potsdam is also important because this island within the Eastern zone resulted in so much tension later, creating the Berlin airlift and the problems with refugees.

45. How and why was there a period of détente in the 1970’s?

46. Détente and the 1970’s Why? Important achievements Nuclear agreements SALT (Brezhnev & Nixon) 1972: East German-West German treaties 1973: Ceasefire in Vietnam and American withdrawal • US: needed to end the Vietnam War because it undermined their position both globally and domestically. Americans realized the needed support from USSR and China to end war. • USSR: finally closed the missile gap in the early 1970’s. Heavy cost = stagnation of Soviet economy. Attracted by possibility of getting access to western technology; feared Chinese expansion • China: going through a volatile period during the Cultural Revolution. Border disputes = feared Soviet attack. China was very isolated during CF and the industry had suffered from this isolation and political purges.