Advanced Spoken English

1. Advanced Spoken English Phonology Session Linking & Elision

2. Speaking Portfolio: reminder • My feedback on task two is ready for you on Moodle. • Don’t forget to respond to my feedback, especially if I ask you to re-record a few sentences. • We will do Task 3 this week.

3. Outcomes Understand the concept and significance of linking and elision Identify and practise different kinds of linking Identify and practise elision Start work on next Speaking Task

4. Speech Unit We don’t talk in ‘words’ We talk in ‘pause groups’ Also called ‘phrasal units’ Or ‘speech units’ Can be one word, (‘oh’) can be 3 words ‘How are you?’, can be many words. ‘So I was talking with my mum the other day…’

5. What happens inside speech units / pause groups? A speech unit is pronounced as if it were ONE BIG WORD How do we achieve this? • Intonation over the unit • Linking : C-V, V-V, C-C • Elision of consonants

6. Why use Linking? • Linking helps make the rhythm of speech smooth and flowing • When we link correctly we are better understood – we indicate which words belong together • When we don’t link we may suggest that we are upset or angry (English speakers can express this by saying each word separately, slowly & distinctly)

7. C-V Linking – How would you pronounce these words? • Came in • Dish out • Laugh about • Grab it • March in • Carves up • Not at all • An old dog

8. C-V Linking • When does it happen? ___C V___ • What happens? We ‘move’ the final consonant over to the beginning of the next word. • For example: • An old dog = “a nold dog” • March in = “mar chin”

9. C-V Linking – Now try to pronounce these words • Came in • Dish out • Laugh about • Grab it • March in • Carves up • Not at all • An old dog

10. V-V Linking – Say these words. • How often • We ought • For better or for worse • They are here • Far away • You and me

11. V-V Linking • When does it happen? ___V V___ • What happens? • When the first word finishes with round lips, we add /w/ • When the first word finishes with spread lips, we add /j/ • When the first word has an unpronounced ‘r’, we pronounce the /r/ • Otherwise we can add an /r/ (Do NOT use a glottal stop between words)

12. V-V Linking – Now say these words. • How often • We ought • For better or for worse • They are here • Far away • You and me

13. C-C Linking – Say these phrases • Good boy • Hit man • In bed • This shop • Good girl • Tin man • Have to go • Did you? • Don’t you know? (Adrian Underhill, Sound Foundations (1998), MacMillan: Oxford, p.60)

14. C-C Linking (= assimilation) • When does it happen? ___C C___ • What happens? Your mouth gets ready to say the sound across the word boundary: • The sound at the end of the first word may change its place of articulation to that of the next sound • Or it may change its voicing • The sounds may fuse into a new one

15. C-C Linking – Now say these phrases • Good boy • Hit man • In bed • This shop • Good girl • Tin man • Have to go • Did you? • Don’t you know? (Adrian Underhill, Sound Foundations (1998), MacMillan: Oxford, p.60)

16. Elision of consonants – Try! • A dustbin was thrown through the window. • We distinguish between dialects and accents. • …well and then they said… • I’ve always wanted to tell you that. • This must be her!

17. Elision of consonants When does it happen? CCC What happens? We delete the middle consonant (not the first or last!)

18. Elision of consonants – Now try • A dustbin was thrown through the window. • We distinguish between dialects and accents. • …well and then they said… • I’ve always wanted to tell you that. • This must be her!

19. We don’t link - • Where there is a pause – ie between Pause Groups! - Linking works inside Pause Groups, pauses separate phrases. • Before a word we want to emphasize – we focus on a word by stressing it and making it stand out from the other words.

20. Practice • Use the ‘Linking Worksheet’ handout. • See if you can work out what the words are from the pronunciation • Which rules of linking/ assimilation/ elision have been used?

21. Now it’s your time • You may like to read through the ‘tutorial’ notes in Connected Speech. Start with Level 1, then level 2, then level 3. • Practice linking using Connected Speech (see handout to record your notes/progress).

22. Speaking Task 3 • Practise saying the poem from Vaughan-Rees (2010), p. 13. • Practise with the sound recording, if it helps. • Make sure you pronounce all of the links. • Record yourself saying this text, and post as your next speaking task. • Remember to answer the reflection questions.