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Understanding Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonding in Chemistry

Explore the role of valence electrons, group elements, cations, and anions in bonding, along with concepts like octet rule, halides, transition metals, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds. Learn about properties like high melting points and crystalline structures. Discover how elements share electrons to form compounds and the characteristics of various bond types.

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Understanding Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonding in Chemistry

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  1. Valence Electrons – on outer ring, involved in bonding/making compounds Group # - at top of column, gives valence Dot Diagram – shows valence, Pg 188 Octet rule - goal of 8 electrons in outer ring (s+p), to be full like noble gases Chemistry Chapter 7 Page 187

  2. Cation– lose electrons, + charge, metals, left side of table, group # tells oxidation # ex: K loses 1 e- , becomes +1, in col 1 Anion – Pg 191, gain electrons, negative charge, non-metals, right side, group # tells how many valence, oxidation is how many e- needed to be full ex: F, col 7, needs 1 to be full, -1 charge name changed to fluoride PG 254!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  3. Halides – col 7 elements after gain e- by making compounds Polyatomic ions - Pg 192, 257 most end in –ite or -ate Transition Metals – Pg 255** require (Roman #) in name

  4. Transfer electrons, become + or neg, metals on left of table ,non-metals on right side Crystalline structure Solids at room temp High melting points Conduct electricity (charged ions) Salts Ionic Bonds Pg 194

  5. Ductile – pulled into wire Malleable – hammer into flat sheets Alloys – homogeneous mixtures (solutions) of metals, Pg 203 table plus 1stpara. Metals Pg 201

  6. Elements share electrons to have 8 on last ring Lower melting and boiling points Gas or liquid at room temp Can share 1 e- from @ (single bond) H-H Pg 217 Or two e- from each (double bond) O=O Pg 221 Or three e- from each (triple bond) N2 Pg 221 Diatomicif same element Pg 222 *** End in –ide like ionic , BUT use numeric prefixes for last element Pg 269***** Chapter 8-9 Page 213Covalent Bonds

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