UNIT 1 – Area of Study 1 Body Systems & Human Movement

1. UNIT 1 – Area of Study 1Body Systems & Human Movement JOINTS & HUMAN MOVEMENT

2. JOINTS • There are 3 classifications of joints: • 1. FIBROUS ( immovable ) skull pelvis

3. JOINTS • There are 3 classifications of joints: • 2. CARTILAGENOUS ( semi-moveable ) ribs to sternum pubic bones

4. JOINTS • There are 3 classifications of joints: • 3. SYNOVIAL • ( freely moveable ) • ( controlled by muscles )

5. JOINTS • There are 6 different types of synovial joints • BALL & SOCKET - • The ball or head of one bones inserts into the socket or cup of another. • Eg: shoulder / hip. • HINGE – • Allows movement in one plane only ( flexion & extension ). • Eg: elbow / knee. • PIVOT – • One bone rotated around another. • Eg: atlas & axis. • GLIDING – • Bones glide or slide across each other. • Eg: carpals / tarsals. • SADDLE – • One bone sits atop another like a saddle on a horse. • Eg: thumb. • CONDYLOID – • Bones articulate together ( butt up against each ) but without the ball and socket structure • This allows not only flexion & extension but some circumduction – eg: wrist

6. JOINTS • There are 6 different types of synovial joints • BALL & SOCKET - • The ball or head of one bones inserts into the socket or cup of another. • Eg: shoulder / hip. • HINGE – • Allows movement in one plane only ( flexion & extension ). • Eg: elbow / knee. • PIVOT – • One bone rotated around another. • Eg: atlas & axis. • GLIDING – • Bones glide or slide across each other. • Eg: carpals / tarsals. • SADDLE – • One bone sits atop another like a saddle on a horse. • Eg: thumb. • CONDYLOID – • Bones articulate together ( butt up against each ) but without the ball and socket structure • This allows not only flexion – extension but some circumduction – eg: wrist

7. JOINTS • All synovial joints have the same features :

8. JOINTS • All synovial joints have the same features : • HYALINE CARTILAGE • Lines the bones / protects / reduces friction

9. JOINTS • All synovial joints have the same features : • HYALINE CARTILAGE • Lines the bones / protects / reduces friction • JOINT CAPSULE • Surrounds the joint / adds stability / stops substances entering or leaving joint

10. JOINTS • All synovial joints have the same features : • HYALINE CARTILAGE • Lines the bones / protects / reduces friction • JOINT CAPSULE • Surrounds the joint / adds stability / stops substances entering or leaving joint • SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE • Lines the inside of the capsule / produces & secretes synovial fluid

11. JOINTS . . . . . • HYALINE CARTILAGE • Lines the bones / protects / reduces friction • JOINT CAPSULE • Surrounds the joint / adds stability / stops substances entering or leaving joint • SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE • Lines the inside of the capsule / produces & secretes synovial fluid • SYNOVIAL FLUID • Lubricates the inside of the joint • All synovial joints have the same features : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12. JOINTS . . . . . • LIGAMENTS • Hold bones together / control movement • SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE • Lines the inside of the capsule / produces & secretes synovial fluid • All synovial joints have the same features : • SYNOVIAL FLUID • Lubricates the inside of the joint • HYALINE CARTILAGE • Lines the bones / protects / reduces friction • JOINT CAPSULE • Surrounds the joint / adds stability / stops substances entering or leaving joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13. MOVEMENT • FLEXION • The angle between the bones decreases. • Eg: bicep curl – UP

14. MOVEMENT • FLEXION • The angle between the bones decreases. • Eg: bicep curl – UP • EXTENSION • The angle between the bones increases. • Eg: bicep curl – DOWN FLEXION

15. MOVEMENT • FLEXION • The angle between the bones decreases. • Eg: bicep curl – UP • EXTENSION • The angle between the bones increases. • Eg: bicep curl – DOWN FLEXION EXTENSION

16. MOVEMENT • ABDUCTION • To take away from the midline of body • Eg: arm raise– UP

17. MOVEMENT • ABDUCTION • To take away from the midline of body • Eg: arm raise– UP • ADDUCTION • To bring back to the midline of the body • Eg: arm lowered– DOWN ABDUCTION

18. MOVEMENT • ABDUCTION • To take away from the midline of body • Eg: arm raise– UP • ADDUCTION • To bring back to the midline of the body • Eg: arm lowered– DOWN ABDUCTION ADDUCTION

19. MOVEMENT • ROTATION • Movement around an axis • Eg: turning head left & right

20. MOVEMENT • ROTATION • Movement around an axis • Eg: turning head left & right • CIRCUMDUCTION • Bone makes a cone shape as it moves • Eg: circling the arms.

21. MOVEMENT • ROTATION • Movement around an axis • Eg: turning head left & right • CIRCUMDUCTION • Bone makes a cone shape as it moves • Eg: circling the arms.

22. MOVEMENT • SUPINATION – Forearm is rotated to face palm UP. • PRONATION – Forearm is rotated to face palm DOWN. • PLANTAR FLEXION – Point toes down or raise up onto tippy toes. • DORSI FLEXION – Raise toes up higher than the heels. • INVERSION – Sole of the foot is turned to face inwards. • EVERSION – Sole of the foot is turned to face outwards.

23. REVISION QUESTIONS 1. The function of the skeletal system is to: A/ provide protection of vital organs. B/ allow movement. C/ blood cell production D/ mineral storage E/ all of the above F/ none of the above. 2. Which of the following form the axial skeleton ? A/ skull, sternum, rib cage, vertebral column B/ skull, shoulder girdle, spine, pelvic girdle C/ skull, sternum, humerus, pelvis, femur D/ shoulder girdle, arms, pelvic girdle, legs 3. Which of the following are examples of long bones ? A/ face, vertebrae , femur, carpals B/ pelvis, tarsals , humerus, digits C/ metatarsals, digits, tibia, radius D/ skull, ulna, femur, metacarpals

24. REVISION QUESTIONS 4. From inferior to superior the curvatures of the spine are the: A/ lumbar, sacral, cervical, thoracic. B/ cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral. C/ sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical. D/ thoracic, lumbar, sacral, cervical 5. Bones are attached to each other mainly by means of: A/ ligaments B/ muscle C/ tendons D/ skin 6. Which of the following is NOT a category of joint ? A/ cartilagenous B/ fibrous C/ hyaline D/ synovial

25. REVISION QUESTIONS 7. Which of the following is an example of a saddle joint ? A/ the base of the thumb B/ the ankle C/ the knee D/ the hip 8. The function of the hyaline cartilage is to: A/ protect the bone. B/ reduce friction in the joint. C/ grease the surface of the joint. D/ all of the above. E/ none of the above. 9. Ball and socket joints permit the following movements: A/ flexion, extension, plantar flexion, supination B/ rotation, circumduction, eversion, inversion C/ adduction, abduction, dorsi flexion, plantar flexion D/ flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.

26. REVISION QUESTIONS 10. Which of the following joints permits rotation only : A/ gliding B/ pivot C/ hinge D/ ball and socket 11. Whilst carrying a tray in front of the body with the hands lying flat under the tray: A/ the hands are flexed. B/ the hands are extended. C/ the hands are supinated. D/ the hands are pronated. 12. The movement “adduction” involves : A/ a decrease in the joint angle B/ an increase in the joint angle C/ taking a body part away from the midline of the body D/ taking a body part towards the midline of the body