PS210 History of Psychology Unit 8

1. PS210 History of PsychologyUnit 8 Nichola Cohen Ph.D. NCohen@kaplan.edu

2. What is the difference between Psychoanalysis and the other schools of thought?

3. What is the difference between Psychoanalysis and the other schools of thought? • Previous schools of thought • Experimental • Dealt with sensation, perception and learning • Psychoanalysis • Deals with abnormal behavior • Primary method was clinical observation, not experimentation • Deals with the unconscious

4. Prior to psychoanalysis, how did we deal with mental illness?

5. Prior to psychoanalysis, how did we deal with mental illness? • Long held belief that people with mental illness were possessed by evil spirits. Treatment involved torture and execution • Around 15th C they were punished for witchcraft • Around 18th C they were viewed as irrational and confined to institutions • 1800’s Philippe Pineal showed that talking to people about their problems could improve their condition – led to widespread study of mental illness • 19th C approaches to mental illness • Somatic approach – mental illness has a physical cause • Psychic approach – mental illness has an emotional cause

6. Sigmund Freud

7. Sigmund Freud • Concepts of unconscious and sex central to his work

8. Sigmund Freud • Concepts of unconscious and sex central to his work • Oedipus complex – fear of the father and attraction to the mother • Influenced by the work of Joseph Breuer • Anna O suffered from paralysis, memory loss etc • Breuer treated her using catharsis

9. Sigmund Freud • Concepts of unconscious and sex central to his work • Oedipus complex – fear of the father and attraction to the mother • Influenced by the work of Joseph Breuer • Anna O suffered from paralysis, memory loss etc • Breuer treated her using catharsis • The process of eliminating an issue by recalling and expressing it • Developed the technique of free association

10. Sigmund Freud • Concepts of unconscious and sex central to his work • Oedipus complex – fear of the father and attraction to the mother • Influenced by the work of Joseph Breuer • Anna O suffered from paralysis, memory loss etc • Breuer treated her using catharsis • The process of eliminating an issue by recalling and expressing it • Developed the technique of free association • Patient says whatever comes to mind • To bring repressed memories into awareness

11. Sigmund Freud • Concepts of unconscious and sex central to his work • Oedipus complex – fear of the father and attraction to the mother • Influenced by the work of Joseph Breuer • Anna O suffered from paralysis, memory loss etc • Breuer treated her using catharsis • The process of eliminating an issue by recalling and expressing it • Developed the technique of free association • Patient says whatever comes to mind • To bring repressed memories into awareness • Memories excluded from consciousness • Freud thought they accounted for abnormal behavior

12. Id, ego and superego • Id

13. Id, ego and superego • Id • Corresponds to unconscious experience (least accessible part of personality) • Aligns with instincts • It’s purpose is to make you happy

14. Id, ego and superego • Id • Corresponds to unconscious experience (least accessible part of personality) • Aligns with instincts • It’s purpose is to make you happy • Superego

15. Id, ego and superego • Id • Corresponds to unconscious experience (least accessible part of personality) • Aligns with instincts • It’s purpose is to make you happy • Superego • Moral aspect of personality • Derived from rules we learn from parents and society • It’s purpose is to make you behave sensibly

16. Id, ego and superego • Id • Corresponds to unconscious experience (least accessible part of personality) • Aligns with instincts • It’s purpose is to make you happy • Superego • Moral aspect of personality • Derived from rules we learn from parents and society • It’s purpose is to make you behave sensibly • Ego

17. Id, ego and superego • Id • Corresponds to unconscious experience (least accessible part of personality) • Aligns with instincts • It’s purpose is to make you happy • Superego • Moral aspect of personality • Derived from rules we learn from parents and society • It’s purpose is to make you behave sensibly • Ego • Mediator between id and superego • Represents reason/rationality

18. Id, ego and superego

19. Why was Freud so heavily criticized?

20. Why was Freud so heavily criticized? • His work was heavily influenced by sexuality (particular sexuality in children) which was very unpopular • His work was non-scientific – it was based on observations and his own experience • He did not write transcripts of his notes, he would write them later • He had a small sample size (~ 12 cases) • Many of his ideas have not been supported scientifically

21. What valuable contributions did Freud make?

22. What valuable contributions did Freud make? • The concept of the unconscious is very important in modern psychology • Many of his ideas have been scientifically supported (e.g. the idea that dreams reflect emotional concerns) • His work is thought to have played a large part in increased sexual freedom in the 20th C • While Freudian psychotherapy is not popular anymore it led to the development of other approaches which remain popular.

23. Carl Jung • Analytical Psychology

24. Carl Jung • Analytical Psychology • Focus was on inner growth, rather than interpersonal relationships • He thought people were not only shaped by the past but by their future hopes and goals • Thought there were 2 levels to the unconscious mind • Personal unconscious – experiences from a persons life they have forgotten • Collective unconscious – contains experiences from previous generations • Introversion vs extraversion

25. How did later psychoanalysts differ from Freud?

26. How did later psychoanalysts differ from Freud? • Less emphasis on sexual factors • More of a focus on conscious thoughts (although unconscious factors did remain popular) • Followers focused more on social and environmental influences on behavior

27. Humanistic Psychology

28. Humanistic Psychology • The idea that we should study the best of people as well as the worst • Abraham Maslow • Hierarchy of needs