_______

1. BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I What components comprise the skeletal system? _______ __________ __________ _________ Are bones dead?

2. Skeletal System Ask not what you can do for your skeleton… ask what your skeleton can do for you! • Functions: • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ _________ What types of animals DON’T have skeletons? List some examples of organs protected… Do all movements rely on skeletal system? What types of elements are most likely stored in bone? What does the skeletal system have to do with blood cells?

3. How does cartilage relate to the skeletal system?!? _________, _______ and _______ depend on hyaline cartilage! Chondroblasts Chondrocytes Lacunae Perichondrium Fibroblasts Blood vessels

4. Take 5!!! Explain why damaged cartilage takes a long time to heal. Why doesn’t articular cartilage have a perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves? Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.

5. Mary, Mary quite contrary how does your cartilage grow?!? ____________ growth Cartilage growth occurs in 2 regions… 1) __________ via _____________ cell division and matrix deposition ____________ growth 2) __________ via __________ division and matrix deposition

6. How are the variety of bone shapes categorized?!? • _____ • _____ • _____ • _________ Longer than wide As long as wide Relatively thin (can be curved) Any shape left over

7. What are the anatomical structures of long bones? Consist of 2 primary regions __________ __________ The ends of longs bones, primarily cancellous bone The shaft of long bones, primarily compact bone

8. What are the anatomical structures of long bones? Cartilage (hyaline) plate between 2 regions plays special role!!! ___________ _____ The cartilage grows and becomes _________ tissue. Why wouldn’t you want growth here as an adult?

9. What are the anatomical structures of long bones? What is a good term for the membrane “around” the “bone” ? __________ 2 layers, contains blood vessels & nerves __________ Single layer of cells lining medullary cavity and cancellous spaces

10. What are the anatomical structures of long bones? Marrow Types:______ ______ Distribution:__________ __________ Site of blood cell formation Mostly lipids, energy storage Location of red marrow Location of yellow marrow

11. What are the anatomical structures of flat, short and irregular bones? ______ “Cancellous sandwich” no “dia” or “epi” physes ______ Would you expect diaphysis? ___________ No diaphysis, small epiphyses possible

12. What are the histological features of bone? Looking at this tissue… it is mostly ________ Mostly (65%) inorganic _______________~ Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Organics are ________ and _______________ (35%)

13. What are the histological features of bone? Normal long bone Of the 2 components:fibersvs.crystalswhich type are missing from these bones? ? No _______ No _______ ?

14. _____________ Cells from endosteum and inner periosteum __________ Cells forming matrix __________ Cells “trapped” in matrix __________ Multinucleated cells “remodel” matrix BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I What are the histological features of bone? Types of bone cells: (Most likely to have “osteo”)

15. What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)? Bone is classified depending on the arrangement of cells and matrix. Types: ________~ Collagen fibers are __________ arranged ________~ Collagen fibers are arranged _________

16. What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)? Types: __________ (_______)~ Network of mineralized bone (_____________) with many spaces ~ ___________ fills up these spaces in life

17. Types: Cancellous (spongy) Referring back to our discussion of striae and collagen fibers, what direction do you suppose the trabeculae align in relation to stress?

18. What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)? Types: _________~ Dense _______ bone that is mineralized (mature) with numerous units (________) arranged around ___________ _________ Compare this photomicrograph to the diagram and locate the listed structures

19. Take 5!!! Compact bone has a specialized canal system for the transport of nutrients and waste products. Why isn’t such a system necessary in cancellous bone? Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.

20. OK Mary, we know about your cartilage… so how does your bone grow? 2 patterns of ossification: (compared in table 6.2) __________________ ______________ Originally _________ tissue __________ Originally ________ that is ossified Note: Both types start as ________ ______, which is remodeled as it matures

21. fontanels How does your bone grow? Intramembranous Ossification • Occurs during _______ __________ and “finishes” by 2 years of age • Woven bone fibers connect and thicken forming ________ (cancellous bone) • Outer layer of __________ create outer layer of ________

22. How does your bone grow? Endochondral Ossification • Occurs during fetal development and “finishes” by “______________” • Hyaline _______ ______ formed • Presence of blood vessels on periphery cause “_________” to become “_______” • Internal chondrocytes die and are replaced by ________ and ______ cells

23. How does your bone grow? Endochondral Ossification • Hyaline cartilage model formed… everything is “__________” • Blood vessels invading ______________ stimulate __________ cells to become ______________ • Perichondrium now becomes _______________ • New osteoblasts form ________ _________

24. How does your bone grow? • Buds of connective tissue from ___________ invade cartilage model. Bring in osteogenic cells. Then what happens? • Osteoblasts form bone as ______ _______ enlarges • Bone growth progresses towards ___________ medullary cavity enlarges

25. How does your bone grow? • Osteoblasts form bone in __________ __________center, beginning of ___________

26. How does your bone grow? • When bone is mature epiphyseal plate is ossified and becomes epiphyseal ______

27. Take 5!!! During endochondral ossification, calcification of cartilage results in the death of chondrocytes. Later in the process, ossification of the bone matrix does not result in the death of osteocytes. Why is this so? Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.

28. How does your bone grow? Can bone display interstitial growth? We’ve talked about bone growth in length… what about diameter? • Appositional _________ and _________

29. How does your bone grow?

30. How does your bone grow? • Factors affecting bone growth: • _________ Proteins Vitamins D & C • _________ Growth hormone Thyroid hormone Sex hormones Needed for _______ portion of _______ Needed for ___ ________ and _______ formation ___________ overall growth Stimulates bone ________ and works with _____ Stimulates bone growth BUT also closure of __________ ______

31. What different types of bone injuries are there? Fractures Bones can succumb to stress… resulting in a fracture Fractures categorized based on:1) __________ _________ damage Need a good picture 5pts. e.c. _______ _______ _______ Open wound extends to fracture No perforation of soft tissue Closed… soft tissue damage

32. What different types of bone injuries are there? Fractures Fractures categorized based on:2) ________ of bone damage _________ _________ > or = 2 fragments NOT in 2 fragments

33. What different types of bone injuries are there? Fractures Fractures categorized based on:3) _______ of bone damage Ex._________ _________ Others: Displaced and non-, depressed, epiphyseal, and avulsion

34. Why? How do bones heal? Bone repair in 5 steps or less… 1) __________ forms(blood confined in a space or organ) Clot formation includes protein mesh of _______ 2) __________ ____ forms Clot is replaced by internal callus… Fibers, then cartilage, then bone

35. How do bones heal? 3) _______ ______ forms Forms cartilage, then bone support 4) __________ ________ in external and internal calluses 5) ___________ of bone Clean up dead bone, reshape medullary cavity and compact bone of external callus

36. How do bones heal? Fractures Rate of healing is dependent in part on ______ _____ on the bone. Which person will heal more quickly? Why? Also on _______ activity. Sometimes electrical current applied to speed healing process.

37. How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P? Ca and P homeostasis _________: needed for nerve cell action, muscle contraction, blood clotting and more ________: needed as a component of ATP, DNA and RNA Why are these elements important?

38. How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P? Ca and P homeostasis regulated in part via 2 hormones: ______(parathyroid hormone)comes from _________ _______ __________minor role…secreted by ________ _______

39. How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P? PTH+PTH = blood Ca via bone and kidney activities Calcitoninminor role…+Calcitonin = blood Ca