BANK CENTRALNY CENTRAL BANK

1. BANK CENTRALNYCENTRAL BANK Alicja Sadowa Grupa projektowa: IV Trener: Cesar Alcibar Martinez Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

2. A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is a public institution that manages the nation's currency, money supply, and interest rates. Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the nation's monetary base, and usually also prints the national currency, which usually serves as the nation's legal tender.Examples include the European Central Bank (ECB), the Federal Reserve of the United States, and the People's Bank of China. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

3. The primary function of a central bank is to manage the nation's money supply (monetary policy), through active duties such as managing interest rates, setting the reserve requirement, and acting as a lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of bank insolvency or financial crisis. Central banks usually also have supervisory powers, intended to prevent commercial banks and other financial institutions from reckless or fraudulent behavior. Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally designed to be independent from political interference. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

4. NBP; the National Bank of Poland is the central bank of Poland. It controls the issuing of Poland's currency, the złoty. The Bank is headquartered in Warsaw, and has branches in every major Polish town. The NBP represents Poland in the European System of Central Banks, an EU organization.Following the death of Sławomir Skrzypek in the Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash on 10 April 2010, the Bank's leadership has been until on 10 June 2010, when Marek Belka was approved by the Parliament (253 votes in favor; 184 against) as Head of National Bank of Poland. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

5. Bank of England The Bank of England (formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England) is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694, it is the second oldest central bank in the world (the oldest being the Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden), established in 1668). It was established to act as the English Government's banker, and to this day it still acts as the banker for HM Government. The Bank was privately owned and operated from its foundation in 1694. It was subordinated to the Treasury after 1931 in making policy and was nationalised in 1946. In 1998, it became an independent public organisation, wholly owned by the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of the Government, with independence in setting monetary policy. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

6. The Bank is one of eight banks authorised to issue banknotes in the United Kingdom, but has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales and regulates the issue of banknotes by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The Bank's Monetary Policy Committee has devolved responsibility for managing the monetary policy of the country. The Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the committee "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances" but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days. The Bank's Financial Policy Committee held its first meeting in June 2011 as a macro prudential regulator to oversee regulation of the UK's financial sector. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

7. The Bank's headquarters has been located in London's main financial district, the City of London, on Threadneedle Street, since 1734. It is sometimes known by the metonym The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street or simply The Old Lady. The current Governor of the Bank of England is Sir Mervyn King, who took over on 30 June 2003 from Sir Edward George. As well as its London offices, the Bank of England also has secondary offices in Leeds. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

8. Central Bank of Russia The Bank of Russia or the Central Bank of The Russian Federation is the central bank of The Russian Federation. Its functions are described in the Russian constitution (Article 75) and in the special Federal law. Bank of Greatest Russia was founded on July 13, 1990, but traced its history to the State Bank of the Russian Empire, which in honor of its 150th anniversary will issue a 5-kg commemorative gold coin featuring Alexander II in 2010. According to the constitution, the Bank of Russia is anindependent entity, with the primary responsibility of protecting the stability of the national currency, the ruble. It also holds exclusive right to issue ruble banknotes and coins. Its headquarters are on Neglinnaya Street in Moscow. Under Russian law, half of the Central Bank's profit has to be channeled into the federal budget. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

9. Central Bank of Brazil The Central Bank of Brazil (Portuguese: Banco Central do Brasil) is Brazil's central bank. It was established on December 31, 1964. The Central Bank is linked with the Ministry of Finance. Like other central banks, the Brazilian central bank is the principal monetary authority of the country. It received this authority when it was founded by three different institutions: the Bureau of Currency and Credit (SUMOC), the Bank of Brazil (BB), and the National Treasury. One of the main instruments of Brazil's monetary policy is the Banco Central do Brasil's overnight rate, called the SELIC rate. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

10. National Bank of Romania The National Bank of Romania (Romanian: Banca Naţională a României, BNR) is the central bank of Romania and was established in April 1880. It is located in the capital city, Bucharest. The bank's first governor was Ion Câmpineanu; the present governor is Mugur Isărescu. Eugeniu Cadara is associated to the National Bank, as he was the founder of the bank and an elected direcor of the bank, but he neder accepted the role of Governor. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

11. Bankof Portugal The Banco de Portugal (English: Bank of Portugal) is the central bank of the Portuguese Republic. Established by a royal charter of 19 November 1846 to act as a commercial bank and issuing bank, it came about as the result of a merger of the Banco de Lisboa and the Companhia de Confiança Nacional, an investment company specialised in the financing of the public debt. The bank issues legal tender that is designated as the national currency – the real until 1911, the escudo from 1911 until 1998, and the euro since 1999. It is an integral part of the European System of Central Banks, which was founded in June 1998. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

12. Central Bank of Nigeria The Central Bank of Nigeria was established by the CBN Act of 1958 and commenced operations on July 1, 1959. The major regulatory objectives of the bank as stated in the CBN act of 1958 is to: issue legal tender, maintain the external reserves of the country, promote monetary stability and a sound financial environment, and to act as a banker of last resort and financial adviser to the federal government. The central bank's role as lender of last resort and adviser to the federal government has sometimes pushed it into murky regulatory waters. After the end colonial rule, the desire of the government to become pro-active in the development of the economy became visible especially after the end of the Nigerian civil war, the bank followed the government's desire and took a determined effort to supplement any short falls in credit allocations to the real sector. The bank soon became involved in lending directly to consumers, contravening its original intention to work through commercial banks in activities involving consumer lending. However, the policy was an offspring of the indigenisation policy at the time. Nevertheless, the government through the central bank has been actively involved in building the nation's money and equity centers,forming securities regulatory board and introducing treasury instruments into the capital market. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

13. National Bank of Austria The Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB) is the central bank of the Republic of Austria and, as such, an integral part of both the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the Eurozone. In the public interest, the OeNB contributes to monetary and economic policy decision-making in Austria and in the Euro area. In line with the Federal Act on the Oesterreichische Nationalbank, the OeNB is a stock corporation. Given its status as a central bank, it is, however, governed by a number of special provisions, as laid down in the Nationalbank Act. The OeNB's capital totals EUR 12 million. Since May 2010 this capital is entirely held by the state of Austria. Previously half of the capital was in the hands of employer and employee organizations as well as banks and insurance corporations. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

14. Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) The Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan), known in English from 1924 to 2007 as the Central Bank of China, is the central bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Its legal and common name in Chinese is literally translated as the "Central Bank". The central bank is administered under the Executive Yuan of the ROC government. The bank was originally established in 1924 under Sun Yat-sen's administration in Guangzhou. Following the success of the Northern Expedition, the Central Bank took over the role of central bank for China from the Bank of China in 1928, with its headquarters in Shanghai. Before 1949, it was one of China's "Big Four" national banks, along with the Bank of China, Bank of Communications, and Farmers Bank of China. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki

15. Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki