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Chapter 22

Chapter 22. A Turbulent Decade. Demobilization. Lydia Kim. What is “demobilization”?. According to the American Nation Textbook “The process of demobilization is the transition from wartime to peacetime” According to “answers.com” To discharge from military service or use.

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Chapter 22

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  1. Chapter 22 A Turbulent Decade

  2. Demobilization Lydia Kim

  3. What is “demobilization”? • According to the American Nation Textbook • “The process of demobilization is the transition from wartime to peacetime” • According to “answers.com” • To discharge from military service or use. • To disband (troops).

  4. Daily Life Women • Urged to give up job • 1920 • % of working women fell slightly below what it was in 1910

  5. Daily Life of Farmer • Farmers had benefited from wartime markets in Europe • European farms revived, markets dried up, farm prices fell • Many farmers lost ownership of their land in the 1920’s

  6. Daily Life In General • Skyrocketing cost of living • Demand for good outpaced the supply • Prices rose • Cost doubled from 1910 to 1920

  7. Daily Life In General 2 • Many people worked in defense industries • Government cancelled more than $2 billion in military contracts • Factories cut back production and laying off workers • 1921 - 5 million people (12% of labor) were unemployed

  8. Strikes Stephanie

  9. The Seattle General Strike • first major strike of 1919 (February 6, 10:00 a.m.) • over 35,000 workers in Seattle walked out from their working places- they demanded higher wages and less working hours- strike occurred without any violence, but city officials and factory owners showed strong disapproval • newspapers blamed immigrants for the strike, calling the strikers "muddle-headed foreigners”

  10. The Seattle General Strike • unfortunately, strike ended within 5 days without any changes • although it was a peaceful strike, it helped convince the public opinion against harsh labor required by the owners ("for" antilabor)

  11. The Boston Police Strike • second strike of 1919 (September) • Boston police officers formed a union to gain better wage and working conditions • Edwin Curtis refused to approve the union and fired 19 workers • at the end, 75% of officers went on strike- the society soon became a mass

  12. The Boston Police Strike • public was also against the strike • Commissioner Curtis forced the officers to get back to work. He said, "there is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime."

  13. The Steel Strike • just two weeks after the Boston Strike, 365,000 steelworkers in Pennsylvania (mostly immigrants) went on strike • the strikers demanded recognition of their union and higher wages and less working hours • due to the massive number of strikers, it threatened the steel industry

  14. The Steel Strike • strong steel companies did everything they could do to get the workers back • eventually, police got involved in the situation and jailed, beat, or even shot the strikers • on January 9, 1920, strike leaders called off the strike

  15. The United Mine Workers Strike • the last major strike of 1919 occurred in november • 400,000 coal mine workers went on strike • miners protested against their low wages and demanded a raise • Some members of the United Mine Workers (UMW) requested a 50% raise, 5-day workweek, 6-hour workday

  16. The United Mine Workers Strike • strike was organized and lead by John L. Lewis, the new president of UMW • Lewis put a stop to the strike after President Wilson ordered an authoritative order to cut the strike • Lewis' strong determination didn't stop there; he asked the workers quietly to not return to work- on December 6, Wilson and Lewis compromised to give the mine workers a 14% increase in wage

  17. African Americans Defend Their Rights Tiffany

  18. Anti-lynching campaign • NAACP formed Antilynching Committee • Generated public support • Fought to end discrimination • African Americans

  19. African American Unionization • Some fought discrimination in workplace • African Americans rarely allowed to rise • A. Philip Randolph • Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters • Despite the effort, Pullman Company refuse to recognize them • But later earned recognition in late 1930s

  20. A. Philip Randolph 
1889-1979 • Black socialist • Founder of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1925 • Improve working conditions for Pullman Company • Sought to end discrimination against African Americans • Unite ALL workers

  21. Black Nationalists • African Americans grew frustrated towards NAACP • Lost of hope • Pan-Africanism • Marcus Garvey • Black nationalism • Universal Negro Improvement Association

  22. The Back-to-Africa Movement • Primary Source

  23. Ku Klux Klan Jason Kim

  24. First Appearance • KKK was first formed during the Reconstruction Era in 1866 • Founded by six former Confederates • headed by a former slave-trader and Confederate general, Nathan Bedford Forrest • Their goal was to suppress the Black Americans from having power.

  25. What Did They Do? • Burned schools, homes, churches, etc. • Stole livestocks • Committed atrocities against any Black Americans who were against “their” rule – mostly the Republicans • Also attacked white people who were sympathetic for the Black

  26. Response • A lot of the people were unable or unwilling to stop the Ku Klux Klan • The Congress passed the Ku Klux Act, or the Force Bill, in 1871 that gave the president the power to intervene in troubled states with the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in countries where disturbances occurred • KKK had already achieved their goals by this time and were dispersed.

  27. New KKK of 1915 • It was reformed by William J. Simmons in 1915 • Attacked not only African Americans but also many of the foreigners, Catholics, Jews, and suspected radicals • They started to put cross on fire

  28. KKK Declines • Several factors led to its end in the 1920s • Decline of Red Scare • Publicity about KKK activities and terrorisms • Corruption and scandals

  29. Marcus Garvey Josephine

  30. born in St. Ann’s Bay, Jamaica on August 17th, 1887 • worked as a printer after seven years of schooling • he became an active trade unionist • 1907: was elected vice president of Compositor’s Branch of the Printers’ Union

  31. helped lead a printer’s strike in 1908-1909 • established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) • published a pamphlet called The Negro Race and Its Problems

  32. he was influenced by the ideas of Booker T. Washington • June 1917: organized the first branch of the UNIA • published the Negro World: a journal that promoted his nationalist ideas

  33. the UNIA became extremely popular and had 30 branches and over 2 million members by 1919 • After his lecture tour of Britain, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Canada in 1928, Garvey established the People’s Political Party • New daily newspaper: The Blackman

  34. On July 1932, Garvey started to publish the evening newspaper, The New Jamaican. Sadly, this was unsuccessful • After the seizure of printing presses in 1933 because of debts, he started a magazine called Black Man • started an organization that was devoted to raising money and creating job opportunities for the poor in Jamaica

  35. sadly, this organization was not successful • March 1935: moved to England and published The Tragedy of White Injustice

  36. Garvey continued to hold UNIA lectures and toured the world to make speeches about civil rights until he died • London: June 10th, 1940:The death of Marcus Garvey

  37. Marcus Garvey was an African-American nationalist who created a ‘Back to Africa’ movement in the U.S.

  38. He later became an inspirational figure for civil rights activists

  39. http://www.geocities.com/clintonbennett/Lectures/garvey.jpg • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Marcus_Garvey_1924-08-05.jpg • http://www.thechessdrum.net/newsbriefs/2003/NB_photos/Marcus_Garvey.gif • http://www.mccalla.fsbusiness.co.uk/marcus.jpg • http://www.africawithin.com/garvey/mgp10.jpg • http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/rasta/24garvey.jpg • http://negroartist.com/MARCUS%20GARVEY/images/George%20O%20Marke,%20Kojo%20Tovalou%20Houenou,%20and%20Marcus%20Garvey_jpg.jpg • http://www.si.umich.edu/CHICO/Harlem/graphics/unia.jpg • http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk/images/1987jamaica100dollarsmarcusgarveyobv400.jpg • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/garvey_marcus.shtml • http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAgarvey.htm

  40. Citations http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkkk.htm http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_org_kkk.html http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Ku_Klux_Klan_Virgina_1922_Parade.jpg http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/24/91424-004-18004705.jpg http://www.lakelandgov.net/library/speccoll/exhibits/images/C386DD7C44CE4D34ADFE3171626CE29A.jpg http://www.binghamton.edu/ctah/images/worse.jpg http://th053.k12.sd.us/APUSH/APUSH%20Unit%20topics%20graphics/KKK.JPG

  41. citation • http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cmhec/images/bigsteel.jpg • http://www.bitsofnews.com/images/graphics/garrett/pittsburghstrike2.jpg • http://images.google.co.kr/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Boston_Police_Strike.jpg/180px-Boston_Police_Strike.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Strike&usg=__wPjoI_jso5hy5waQ-QlrR4-ViVM=&h=138&w=180&sz=11&hl=ko&start=8&um=1&tbnid=Gs_YBiJjfZicMM:&tbnh=77&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dthe%2Bboston%2Bpolice%2Bstrike%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dko%26newwindow%3D1%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG • http://www.bppa.org/images/headline.gif • http://faculty.washington.edu/gregoryj/laborphotos/deputies.jpg • http://www.soundsummitbooks.com/seattlestrike.jpg • http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/e/e4/1900a.jpg • http://www.library.pitt.edu/labor_legacy/images/W&JPostcard.jpg

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