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2007 Pet Food Recall

2007 Pet Food Recall. Aminopterin or Melamine. Outline. Background Signs and Treatment Pet food regulation Potential causative agents Veterinarian Responsibilities. Background. First complaint 20 February Investigation by Menu Foods found nothing

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2007 Pet Food Recall

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  1. 2007 Pet Food Recall Aminopterin or Melamine

  2. Outline • Background • Signs and Treatment • Pet food regulation • Potential causative agents • Veterinarian Responsibilities

  3. Background • First complaint 20 February • Investigation by Menu Foods found nothing • Routine palatability study by Menu Food on 27 Feb • First death 2 Mar • FDA Contacted 15 Mar • Recall posted 16 Mar

  4. Background • Over 90 products affected • Initially only wet food, now dry food implicated as well • Cause still unknown but link to wheat gluten suspected (company switched suppliers) • Aminopterin (rodenticide) • Melamine (fertilizer in Asia and plastic production world-wide)

  5. Clinical Signs – Acute Renal Failure • Anorexia (75%) • PU/PD (50%) • Vomiting (50%) 1-12 hours post ingestion • Lethargy (50%) • Others: excessive salivation hematuria, weakness, and oral ulcerations

  6. Laboratory findings • Abnormally high BUN, Creatinine, and Phosphorus • Screen with USG • Cats <1.035 • Dogs <1.030 • If higher not ARF • If low run chemistry

  7. Treatment • Supportive care for Acute Renal Failure • IV fluids (0.9% NaCl) • Antacids (cimetidine 2.5-5.0 mg/Kg IV q8-12h, rantidine 2 mg/kg IV q8-12h) • Bicarbonate • Restrict oral intake until vomiting subsides • Metoclopramide (0.2-05. mg/kg IV or IM q6-8h)

  8. Prognosis • Most cases have responded favorably to treatment • ARF in general • Nonoliguric: guarded to unfavorable, unrecovery over 3-6 weeks • Oliguric: poor, sluggish and incomplete return of renal function 4-12 weeks • Anuric: generally fatal, recovery incomplete

  9. FDA Inspections • Provide the rules, guidance, and oversight • Industry is responsible for safety • Food Drug and Cosmetic Act • Pure, wholesome and contain no harmful or deleterious substances • Title 21, Code of Food Regulations, Subpart A

  10. FDA • No federal law for frequency of inspections • Frequency generally based on risk and most pet food is safe, therefore infrequent inspections • FDA has limited funding (much less than USDA) • Inspections usually limited to feed and drugs for food animals • Augmented by state inspection programs which model AAFCO

  11. Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) • Comprised of the FDA, the USDA, and state representatives • Regulating the manufacture, distribution and sale of animal feeds; resulting in safe, effective, and useful feeds • Model Feed Bill (statute), Model Feed Regulations, Model Pet Food Regulations

  12. AVMA Response • First ever all-members email • Only 54% of members had email address, and 20% of these returned • Continuous update of website: • http://www.avma.org/aa/menufoodsrecall/default.asp • Cooperation with, industry, government, specialty groups, and media

  13. Pet Food Manufacturing • Unique formulas but common sources • Screening directed towards common contaminants • Rely on reputation of supplier • Commercial meals are balanced by clinical nutritionist • Inform clients it is potentially more harmful to switch to home-cooked diet

  14. Aminopterin • New York State Laboratory • Rodenticide banned in the U.S. • Once used as anti-neoplastic • Folic acid inhibitor • Bone marrow suppression -> need to run CBC • High doses: ARF and crystaluria • Crystals most soluble in alkaline urine; keeping urine pH above 7 may benefit patient • Currently no test available

  15. Melamine • FDA and Cornell labs • Used as fertilizer in Asia and in plastic production world-wide • Generally regarded as safe, cats may be more sensitive • Found in food, urine and tissue sample of all sickened cats and kidney of one cat

  16. Veterinarian Responsibilities • Retain food samples (1kg dry or 4 cans) • Document product (packaging, purchase, production date, etc.) • Confirm consumption • Contact FDA, manufacturer and client • Record date, time, and person • Use unique identifier for each patient • Submit samples for analysis

  17. Submit samples for analysis (cont) • Notify clients of recalls • Examine all pets with known or suspected exposure • Symptomatic treatment if diagnosis unknown • Prophylactic treatment may not be necessary • Maintain detailed records • Obtain written authorization from client to release medical information

  18. Tissue Sampling • Complete necropsy of all tissue for histopathology • Full complement of fresh tissues for toxicology • serum, blood, urine, brain, kidney, liver, fat, stomach contents • Freeze food and fresh tissues for future analysis

  19. References • AVMA Website • FDA Website • The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult

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