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lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL. – o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf. Nff]stGqsf] :yfloTj / lqmoflzntf.

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lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

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  1. lgjf{rg k|0ffnL – o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf

  2. Nff]stGqsf] :yfloTj / lqmoflzntf • nf]stGqsf] ;Gbe{df lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zo, To;nfO{ -nf]stGqnfO{_ lqmofTds agfpg' /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ k|lqmof dfq} dflgb}g o;nfO{ . a? o;nfO{ /fhgLlts Jojj:yf s} Ps pk–Joj:yfsf] ?kdf dflgG5 . Contd...

  3. lgjf{rg k|0ffnL hlt k|ltlglwTjd'ns -k|ToIf_ x'G5, nf]stGqsf] :yfloTj Tolt g} ;'/lIft x'G5 . To;}u/L :yfloTj k|fKt nf]stGq g} :jR5 / :jtGq lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/ aG5 . nf]stGqsf] :yfloTj / lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] :jR5tf Pj+ :jtGqtf Ps csf{df kl/k'/s 5g\ . Contd...

  4. nf]stGqsf] :yfloTj ‘d'ntM ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf ug]{ To; Joj:yfdf g} lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5, h;n] ‘dtflwsf/’ sf] d"NonfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 . To:tf d"Nox?dWo] Ps xf] ‘k|To]s j}wflgs dtnfO{ ;dfg d'No k|bfg ug'{’ . cyf{t\ k|To]s dtsf] d"No clelglZrt ug'{ . Contd...

  5. lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] hgtfsf] dtflwsf/åf/f /fHon] k|of]u ug]{ zlQmdfly lgoGq0f sfod ub{5 . o; cy{df lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ /fHosf] zlQmnfO{ nf]stflGqs rl/qdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ pkfo dflgG5 . • @ lsl;dsf ‘zlQm ;fem]bf/Lsf’ pkfo;“u ldn]/ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] hgtfsf] clwgdf /x]sf] nf]stGqsf] cfwf/ tof/ ub{5 – h;n] ;e|fGtx?åf/f lgolGqt pbf/ k|hftGqnfO{ k[ys kfb{5 .

  6. zlQm ;fem]bf/Lsf 9f“rf • lIfltlho ;fem]bf/L – ;+ljwfgjfbdf o; lsl;dsf] ;fem]bf/LnfO{ ‘zlQm k[ylss/0f / lgoGq0f’ sf] l;4fGtn] hflgG5 . o; 9f“rfsf sfo{kflnsL Pj+ Goflos lgsfodf ljeflht ul/Psf] x'G5 . Contd...

  7. dflyaf6 tnlt/ zlQmsf] k|If]k0fåf/f ;fem]bf/L– o;nfO{ /fHo zlQmsf] lgDg txdf k|If]k0f elgG5 . ;+l3otf, :jfoQtf / :jzf;g o;sf ?k 9f“rfut :j?k x'G5 .

  8. Horizontal State's Power Executive Legislative Judicial Federality Autonmy Verticle (Nationality) Self-Governance (Geography)

  9. lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] g} oL ;a} :j?kx?nfO{ lqmofTdstf / j}wflgstf k|bfg ub{5 . • To;}n] nf]stGqnfO{ ‘Nofl6g efiffdf’ DEMOS:hgtf CRACY: ;/sf/ ;+rfngsf] Joj:yf elg kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . • lgjf{rg k|0ffnL o; cy{df hgtfn] ;fj{ef}d ;Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{ dfWod xf] .

  10. lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf :j?kx? • dtbftf rfx]jdf]lhdsf] kl/0ffd cg';f/ ljljw ljsNkx?dWo]af6 ‘5gf}6’ ug]{ k|lqmof g} lgjf{rg k|0ffnL xf] . • o;nf{ cWoog ubf{ ‘ax'kIfLotf’ df Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . Contd...

  11. – dtkqsf k|sf/x? – dtu0ftfsf ?kx? jf k|lqmofx? – dtbftfx?df dtflwsf/sf] ljt/0f ug]{ k|0ffnL – dtbftfx?nfO{ ljeflht ug]{ k|0ffnL

  12. dtkqx? • dtkqsf cfwf/df lgjf{rg Joj:yfnfO{ % lsl;ddf 5'6\ofOG5 M !_ :t/ jf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f Joj:yf (Ranked or Preference Voting System) @_ leGgtf b[li6 (Range) lgjf{rg jx'dtLo lgjf{rg Joj:yf #_ ax'dtLo lgjf{rg Joj:yf (Plurality) Contd...

  13. $_ ax'JolQm :jLsf/f]lQm (Approval) %_ c;fwf/0f tyf k'/:sf/hGo lgjf{rg k|0ffnL (Pluming)

  14. Ps JolQm lgjf{rg k|0ffnL :t/ jf k|yldstf lgwf{/0f Joj:yf leGgtfb[li6 lgjf{rg Joj:yf ax'dtLo k|0ffnL Contd...

  15. ax'JolQm :jLsf/f]lQm lgjf{rg k|0ffnL leGgtfb[li6 lgjf{rg Joj:yf Contd...

  16. :t/ jf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f M o; tTsfn} ljsNk 5gf}6 (Instant Runoff), jf]8f uGtL, sG8f]/]S6 k4ltnfO{ ;dflxt ul/Psf] 5 . o;df dtbftfn] ;a} eGbf w]/} rfx]sf]nfO{ klxnf / sd rfx]sf]nfO{ k5fl8 lrGx lbG5g\ . • leGgtf b[li6 Joj:yfdf dtbftfn] cfk"mn] rfx]sf] jolQmnfO{ jf lrGxnfO{ c+såf/f k|fyldstf k|bfg ub{5g\ . Contd...

  17. ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf, dtbftfn] cfk"mn] rfx]sf] Ps hgfnfO{ dfq /f]Hb5g\ . • jx'JolQm :jLsf/f]lQmJoj:yfdf dtbftfn] rfx]hltnfO{ 5gf}6 ub{5g\ . • k'/:sf/hGoJoj:yfdf eg] Pp6} /f]hfOnfO{ rfx]hlt k6s dt lbG5g\ . Contd...

  18. :t/ jf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f(Ranked or Preference Voting System) • leGgtf b[li6 Joj:yf(Range voting system) • ax'dtLo Joj:yf(Plurality or First the Past-Post system) • ax'JolQm :jLsf/f]lQm Joj:yf(Pluming Voting System)

  19. Ps JolQm lgjf{rg k|0ffnL • b[OkIfLo dtbfg Joj:yf(Binary Voting System) df dtbftfn] s;}nfO{ dtbfg ug{ jf gug{ ;Qm5 . gug'{n] c:jLsf/nfO{ hgfp“5 . To; cy{df ‘dtflwsf/ k|of]u u/];/x dflgG5’ . • :t/ leGgtf Joj:yf(Ranked Voting System) df dtbftfn] qmdzM k|fyldstf cg';f/ dtbfg ub{5 . Contd...

  20. b[li6leGgtf -qmdf+s Joj:yf_(Range or Rating Voting System) df dtbftfn] pd]b\jf/ jf bnnfO{ c+s k|bfg ub{5 . • Ps JolQm lgjf{rgdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] ;a}eGbf k|Voft lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ax'dtLo k|0ffnL xf] . t/ o;df lhTg]n] k|fKt dtsf] dfq d"No x'G5 . • ;a}eGbf k|Voft ‘:t/ leGgtf’ k|0ffnL tTsfn ljsNk 5gf}6 (Instant Runoff) xf], h;df klxnf] k|fyldstf ax'dt x'g g;s] ;a}eGbf a9Ln] bf];|f] k|fyldstf lbPsf] JolQm lgjf{lrt x'G5 . Contd...

  21. jf]8f uGtL k|0ffnLdf JolQmsf] k|fyldstf dtbftfn] lbPsf] c+sdf lgwf{/0f x'G5 . To;df ;a}eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{ olQm lgjf{lrt x'G5 . • sG8f]/]S6 k4ltdf ;a}eGbf a9L k|yd k|fyldstfsf] c+s k|fKt ug]{ JolQm ljhoL x'G5 . • leGgtfb[li6(Range System) df dtbftfn] ) b]lv !)) c+s k|bfg ug{ ;Qm5 / ;a}eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{n] lhTb5 .

  22. ax'JolQm lgjf{rg k|0ffnL • c;dfg'kflts jf cw{ ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL M o;df tLgj6f k|0ffnL 5g\ M !_ ;d"x dtbfg k|0ffnL -;+VofTds ax'dtLo k|0ffnL klg elgG5_ o;df Pp6f dtbftfn] Ps} k6sdf Pp6} dtaf6 PseGbf a9L JolQmnfO{ lgjf{rg ub{5 . tf]lsPsf] ;+Vofsf ;jf]{Rr dt k|fKt ug]{x? 5flgG5g\ . @_ Ps cj[:tfGt/0fLo dt(Single non-transferable) M o;df JolQmx?sf] ;fd'lxs plu|Psf] dt csf]{nfO{ x:tfGt/0f x'“b}g . h:t} ! hgf lgjf{rg x'g & dt rflxg]df p;n] ( dt kfPdf @ dt p;k5fl8sfdf ;b}{5g . Contd...

  23. Psn x:tfGt/0fLo dt M o;df JolQmx?n] k|of]u u/]sf] ;fd'lxs dt s'g} Pp6f JolQmnfO{ k'u]kl5 c?df ;b{5 . h:t} s;}n] dt k|fKt u/]df & dfq rflxg] eP af“sL b'O{ csf]{nfO{ hf]l8G5 . • o;df s]xL dtbftfn] k|fyldstf tf]Sg] Joj:yf 5 eg] st} sd Nofpg] dWo]sf] w]/} k|fKt ug]{nfO{ :jtM ;b{5 .

  24. ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL • o;n] x/]ssf] ;dfg'kfltstfsf] k|Tofe"lt ub{5 . o;df lhTg] ;j]{ ;dfg'kftdf nueu pltg} ef]6 k|fKt ub{5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu tf]lsPsf] dtbftfsf] sf]6f !),))) sf] /x]sf] 5 eg] k|To]s lhTg] pd]b\jf/n] !),))) dtbftfsf] ljrf/sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 eGg] dflgG5 . Contd...

  25. bn–;"rL ;dfg'kflts Joj:yf M o; k|0ffnLdf dtbftfn] JolQmnfO{ xf]Og bnnfO{ dtbfg ub{5g\ . ctM dtkqdf JolQm xf]Og bnsf] ;"rL c+lst /x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} bnn] hlt tf]lsPsf sf]6f j/fj/sf] dt k|fKt u5{ p;sf] Ps ;b:o ljhoL x'G5 . Contd...

  26. o; k|0ffnLdf ;L6sf] af“8kmf“8 b'O{j6f k5ltsf cfwf/df x'G5 . !_ pRrtd\ ;+efljstf(Highest Average method) M o;df k|fKt dtx? bnx?sf ljrdf af“l8G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]skf Pdfn]n] bznfv dt kfof] / Tof] dtbftfsf] #@ k|ltzt xf] eg] !)) ;L6 ePsf] ;+;bdf p;n] #@ ;L6 k|fKt ub{5 . Contd...

  27. @_ clwstd -7"nf]_ c+zdf ;L6 k|fKt x'g] k|0ffnL(Largest Remainder Method) M o;df dtbftfsf] ;+:yfsf] cfwf/df l;6 tf]lsG5 . h:t} M %),))) a/fa/ Ps ;L6 5 eg], Pdfn]n] !) nfv k|fKt u/]df @ l;6 k|fKt ub{5 . Contd...

  28. xfn zflGt ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt Joj:yf pRrtd ;dfls+stf (Highest Average) df cfwfl/t xf] jf clwstd -7"nf]_ c+zdf ;L6 k|fKt x'g] k4ltdf cfwfl/t xf] eGg] s'/f e|dk"0f{ 5 . • olb pRrtd\ ;dfls+tfdf cfwfl/t x'g] xf] eg] k|fKt dtx? bnx?sf aLrdf ljeflht x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pdfn]n] @)% j6f If]qdf !)) ;L6 k|fKt u¥of] eg] @)% ;L6af6 yk ;dfg'kftdf ;L6 k|fKt ug]{5 . o:tf] s/]df sl/a %) k|ltzt x'G5 . Contd...

  29. olb !)) ;L6 jfkt Pdfn]n] #@ k|ltzt dt kfPsf] xf] eg] p;n] @)$ df #@ k|ltztsf b/n] ;L6 k|fKt ug]{5 .

  30. zflGt ;Demf}tf / e|d • olb ax'dtLo ;L6sf cfwf/df ;dfg'kfltstf lgwf{/0f ul/of] eg], @)% df ax'dt k|fKt ug]{ bnn] g} clwsf+z yk ;L6 k|fKt ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb @)% df Pdfn]n] !)) j6f ;L6df lhTof] eg] o;n] ;dfg'kftdf %) k|ltzt ef]6 k|fKt ub{5 . of] cToflws ax'dt x'G5, kl/0ffd:j?k Pdfn]n] Psn ;+ljwfg agfpg ;Qm5 . of] pRr5d ;dflsstfdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnL xf] . Contd...

  31. olb clwstd 7"nf] c+zdf cfwfl/t k4lt cg';f/ ;dfg'kfltstf lgwf{/0f ug]{ xf] eg] olb Pdfn]n] k|fKt !)) ;L6 ;L6sf] dt s'n dtsf] ## k|ltzt xf] eg] p;n] af“sL @)) df ^$ ;L6 yk k|fKt ug]{5 .

  32. pd]b\jf/sf] v'Nnf / aGb ;"rL • pd]b\jf/sf] gfdfjnL 3f]lift /x]sf] 5 eg] v'Nnf ;"rL elgG5 . • pd]b\jf/sf] ;"rL k|sflzt 5}g eg] aGb ;"rL elgG5 .

  33. oL b'j} k|0ffnLnfO{ ‘ldl>t ;dfg'kflts Joj:yf’ elgb}g .

  34. ;dfj]zLs/0f / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL • 7"nf] c+zdf ;L6 ljefhg k4ltdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] a9L cfwf/ /xG5 . • olb !)),))) df Ps ;L6 sfod ul/Psf] /x]5 eg] / s'g} bnn] ## k|ltzt k|fKt ub{5 eg], ;a} Stakeholder nfO{ ## k|ltztsf b/n] ;L6sf] ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} • !,))),))) -bz nfv_ blnt /x]5g\ eg] To;sf] ## k|ltztsf cfwf/df # hgfnfO{ lgjf{rg ug{ ;lsG5 .

  35. wGojfb

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