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Essential Question

Essential Question. How did western settlement affect the Plains Indians?. Miners and Ranchers in the West. Growth of the Mining Industry. Deposits of gold, silver, and copper Needed by growing industry in the East Brought settlers to the mountain states. Virginia City.

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Essential Question

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  1. Essential Question • How did western settlement affect the Plains Indians?

  2. Miners and Ranchers in the West

  3. Growth of the Mining Industry Deposits of gold, silver, and copper Needed by growing industry in the East Brought settlers to the mountain states

  4. Virginia City

  5. Pikes Peak, Colorado (1858)

  6. Leadville, Colorado

  7. Black Hills, South Dakota

  8. Copper in Montana

  9. New States North Dakota South Dakota Montana

  10. Cattle Ranching Texas longhorn cattle thrived on the tough prairie grass

  11. Arrival of Railroads By the 1860s – railroads reached Kansas and Missouri Western ranchers sold cattle to be shipped east

  12. Cattle Drives Moved cattle to the railroads Chisholm Trail – to Abilene, Kansas

  13. Chisholm Trail

  14. Homestead Act (1862) Individuals could file for a 160-acre homestead (tract of public land) Received title after living on land for five years

  15. Great Plains

  16. Great Plains Homestead

  17. New Farming Inventions Steel plows Reapers Threshing machines

  18. Wheat Belt Nebraska Kansas Dakotas

  19. Oklahoma April 22, 1889 Opened the territory for settlement 10,000 people chose land within hours

  20. Native Americans

  21. Western Environment, 1860s

  22. Plains Indians • Nomads following the buffalo herds • Divided into bands headed by governing councils

  23. Arrival of Settlers • Deprived Indians of hunting grounds • Broke treaties guaranteeing Indian lands • Forced Indians to relocate

  24. Chief Red Cloud

  25. Chief Sitting Bull

  26. Crazy Horse

  27. Crazy Horse Monument

  28. Sand Creek Massacre • Nov. 1864 • Chief Black Kettle brought Cheyenne to negotiate peace at Fort Lyon • American troops attacked their village

  29. Loss of Buffalo • Native Americans depended on the buffalo for life • By 1889, few buffalo were left

  30. Battle of the Little Bighorn • Gold found in the Black Hills (SD) • Americans violated Indian treaties • Indians attacked

  31. Battle of the Little Bighorn • June 25, 1876 • George A. Custer attacked a large force of Lakota and Cheyenne • All of Custer’s forces dead

  32. Nez Perce • Led by Chief Joseph • Refused to move to a reservation in Idaho • Fled to Canada

  33. Nez Perce • Traveled 1300 miles • Surrendered in October 1877 • Exiled to Oklahoma

  34. Quote, Chief Joseph “Our chiefs are killed . . . The little children are freezing to death. My people have no blankets, no food . . . Hear me, my chiefs; I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.”

  35. Nez Perce Trail

  36. Wounded Knee • Lakota reservation (1890) • Continued to practice the Ghost Dance • Led by Sitting Bull

  37. Wounded Knee • Soldiers sent to arrest Sitting Bull, who died by gunfire • Dec. 29, 1890 • Soldiers attacked Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek – hundreds killed

  38. Indian Frontier to 1890

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