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Pfiesteria piscicida

Pfiesteria piscicida. Monster or merely misunderstood By: Erica Hudson. Discovery. Pfiesteria piscicida was first discovered at North Carolina State University where it was blamed for a large fish kill in 1988 (Miller and Belas 2003).

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Pfiesteria piscicida

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  1. Pfiesteria piscicida Monster or merely misunderstood By: Erica Hudson

  2. Discovery • Pfiesteria piscicida was first discovered at North Carolina State University where it was blamed for a large fish kill in 1988 (Miller and Belas 2003). • ‘Pfiesteria hysteria’, which reached a peak in 1997 (Miller and Belas 2003). • Because of all of this public attention more funding was allotted to research and many interesting things have been discovered about Pfiesteria piscicida and other dinoflagellates.

  3. Pfiesteria piscicida • Phagotrophic dinoflagellates that use a feeding tube to prey upon phytoplankton • JoAnn Burkholder proposed a life history of 19 stages • Recent research proposes a simpler life history

  4. Toxicity • So far the toxin remains unknown • Effects on humans include: significantly lowers learning and higher cognitive functions, skin lesions, dizziness, headaches, and short term amnesia. • All symptoms disappeared after 3-6 months of no exposure.

  5. How can blooms be prevented? • Planktonic ciliates like Strombidium prey upon the P. piscicida zoospores and are able to keep the population in check even at low numbers. • Treating nutrient rich waste run-off before it reaches the ocean

  6. References • Fogg, G.E. “Harmful Algae – A Perspective.” Harmful Algae. 1 (2002) p 1-4. • Gordon, A.S. et al. “Comparative toxicity of Pfiesteria spp., prolonging a toxicity of P. piscisida in culture and evaluation of toxin(s) stability.” Harmful Algae. 1 (2002) p 85-94 • Grattan, Lynn M. et al. “Learning and memory difficulties after environmental exposure to waterways containing toxin-producing Pfiesteria or Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates.” The Lancet. 352 (1998) p 532-539. • Levin, E.D. et al. “Rapid neurobehavioral analysis of Pfiesteria piscicida effects in juvenile and adult rats.” Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 22 (2001) p533-540. • Levin, E.D. et al. “Learning impairment caused by a toxin produced by Pfiesteria piscicida infused into the hippocampus of rats.” Neurotoxicolgoy and Teratology. 25 (2003) p 419-426. • Litaker, R.W. et al. “Lifecycle of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae),” Journal of Phycology. 38 (2002) p 442-463. • Miller, Todd R. and Belas, Robert. “Pfiesteria piscicida, P. shumwayae and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates.” Research in Microbiology. 154 (2003) p 85-90. • Rezvani, Amir H. et al. “Specificity of cognitive impairment from Pfiesteria piscicida exposure in rats attention and visual function versus behavioral plasticity.” Nuerotoxicology and Teratology. 23 (2001) p 609-616. • Setala, Outi. et al. “Predator-prey interactions between a planktonic ciliate Strombidium (Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinamoebailes, Pyrrophyta).” Harmful Algae. 4 (2005) p 235-247. • Swinker, Marian. et al. “Human Health effects of exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida: a review.” Microbes and Infection. 4 (2002) p 751-762.

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