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Characterization of the QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector (QUPID)

Characterization of the QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector (QUPID). Artin Teymourian UCLA Dark Matter Group Dept. of Physics and Astronomy. Overview. Dual Phase TPC QUPID Concept QUPID Design Goals Test Systems/Results Support Structure Future DM Experiments Conclusion.

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Characterization of the QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector (QUPID)

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  1. Characterization of the QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector (QUPID) ArtinTeymourian UCLA Dark Matter Group Dept. of Physics and Astronomy

  2. Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  3. Overview • Dual Phase TPC • QUPID Concept • QUPID Design Goals • Test Systems/Results • Support Structure • Future DM Experiments • Conclusion Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  4. Dual Phase TPC Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  5. QUPID, The QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector Photo Cathode (-6 kV) Photo Cathode (-6 kV) Quartz Al coating APD (0 V) APD (0 V) Quartz Made by Synthetic Silica only. Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  6. Actual QUPID Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  7. Comparison of Low-radioactivePhoton Detectors from Hamamatsu R8520 1 inch R8778 2 inch QUPID 3 inch DarkSide XENON1T MAX, XAX ArtinTeymourian, UCLA XENON10 XENON100 XMASS LUX

  8. QUPID Design Goals The QUPID should be better than standard PMTs in all aspects • In addition: • Photon Counting Capabilities • Good Photocathode Uniformity • Good Collection Efficiency Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  9. Radioactivity • Radioactivity measured at the Gator screening facility in LNGS, operated by University of Zurich • R8520 is a 1” square PMT used in Xenon10 and Xenon100 • R11410-MOD is a 3” Circular PMT being considered for future DM detectors • The radioactivity of the QUPIDs are far better than the others per unit area • 60Co and 40K emits g’s that penetrate particularly far and is of greatest concern for large DM detectors arXiv:1103.3689, arXiv:1103.5831 Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  10. Quantum Efficiency • Photocathode developed specifically for operation in Xenon • >30% QE at 178 nm, the scintillation wavelength of Xenon Data taken at Hamamatsu Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  11. Argon and Xenon Versions of the QUPID • The photocathode can be optimized for Argon operation, quartz is not transparent to Argon scintillation wavelength, so a WLS must be used to bring it to visible wavelengths • The Quantum Efficiency of the Argon version peaks at ~40% near 400 nm • TPB can be used to wavelength shift Ar scintillation light to the visible wavelengths Data taken at Hamamatsu Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  12. DC Cathode Linearity • Photocathode also developed to withstand low temperatures with good linearity • At Liquid Xenon temperature, the photocathode is linear up to >1mA Data taken at Hamamatsu Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  13. Liquid Nitrogen Cooling System Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  14. Readout Schematic Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  15. Leakage Current • Strong temperature dependence of Leakage Current • Want to operate before breakdown to maximize gain Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  16. Leakage Current for Argon Operation • APD is inoperative below 120V bias • At liquid xenon temperatures, the APD is still operative • APD for liquid argon operation has been developed by Hamamatsu and is being integrated in the QUPID for Liquid argon temperature Argon Xenon Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  17. Avalanche and Bombardment Gain • Avalanche Gain shows strong temperature dependence, Bombardment Gain does not • Maximum Avalanche Gain ~200, maximum Bombardment Gain ~750 • Total Gain ~105 Avalanche Gain Bombardment Gain Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  18. Photon Counting Capabilities and Pulse Shape Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  19. -6 kV • A new version of the QUPID is being made • Operation will be possible up to -8 kV • Much better photon counting is possible -8 kV Data taken at Hamamatsu Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  20. Preliminary -8 kV Operation Data taken at Hamamatsu Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  21. Uniformity System Optical Fiber and Focusing Lens QUPID Theta Axis Phi Axis Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  22. Uniformity • Uniform photocathode response (within 20%) and collection efficiency Photocathode Uniformity Collection Efficiency Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  23. QUPID Characteristics Summary • 1, 2, 3 photoelectron peaks seen clearly • Good photocathode uniformity • Excellent collection efficiency over the entire photocathode Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  24. Operation in Liquid Xenon Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  25. Single QUPID Holder -6 kV Contact Ti Clips for Support and Ground Copper Plate PTFE Holder for Contacts Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  26. Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  27. Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  28. QUPID Operation in Liquid Xenon Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  29. Scintillation Light of Xenon Observed 122 keVg 5.3 MeVa 2.0 pe/keV 1.6 pe/keV Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  30. 7 QUPID Holder PTFE Reflectors 7-QUPID Support Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  31. Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  32. Future Detectors Xenon1Ton DarkSide50 Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  33. Conclusion • QUPIDs are a new, low radioactivity phototube for future DM experiments • Excellent photon counting, uniformity, quantum efficiency, and photocathode linearity • Has been operated in cryogenic temperatures and in Liquid Xenon, with scintillation light being observed • Will be used in DarkSide50 and Xenon1Ton Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  34. Acknowledgements • XENON100 Collaboration • DarkSide50 Collaboration • MAX Collaboration • Hamamatsu Photonics • “Characterization of the QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector (QUPID) for use in Noble Liquid Detectors” arXiv:1103.3689 • “Material screening and selection for XENON100” arXiv:1103.5831 Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  35. Extra Slides Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  36. Scintillation Light of Xenon Observed 122 keVg 5.3 MeVa 2.0 pe/keV 1.6 pe/keV Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  37. Published Decay Times • The values for the decay times and proportion of fast and slow components are comparable to published values Hitachi, et al. Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  38. Scintillation Characteristics Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  39. DC Cathode Linearity QUPID photocathode 4 orders of magnitude better in linearity Data taken at Hamamatsu Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  40. Linearity System Continuous Filter Wheel LED Fiber to QUPID Discrete Filter Wheel Control Motors Artin Teymourian, UCLA

  41. Anode Linearity • Anode linear up to ~2 mA at 105 gain • Anode linearity independent of temperature • Gradual non-linearity can be characterized and applied as a correction Artin Teymourian, UCLA

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