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Motivation

Motivation. The willingness to expend a certain amount of effort to achieve a particular goal. Behavioral Views of Motivation. B. F. Skinner Programmed Instruction The student is reinforced for every correct response (the computer applauds!)

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Motivation

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  1. Motivation The willingness to expend a certain amount of effort to achieve a particular goal

  2. Behavioral Views of Motivation • B. F. Skinner • Programmed Instruction • The student is reinforced for every correct response (the computer applauds!) • This motivates the student to go to the next frame • The student works through the program until the desired terminal behavior is shaped

  3. Behavioral Views of Motivation • REINFORCE DESIRED BEHAVIOR • Students are motivated to complete a task by being promised a reward • Praise • Grade • Token to be exchanged for a desired object • the privilege of engaging in a self-selected activity

  4. Social Behavioral TheoryAlbert Bandura • We learn appropriate behavior in a social setting • Observation • Identification • We work for a teacher we respect • Imitation • An older sibling gets good grades, so we try to get good grades also • Vicarious Reinforcement • A classmate is rewarded for a behavior, so we practice the same behavior, hoping for a reward

  5. Limitations of Behavioral View • Rewards are extrinsic • Learner engages in an activity to earn a reward that is not inherently related to the activity • Intrinsic Motivation • Learner engages in an activity because it produces inherently positive consequences such as becoming more • knowledgeable • competent • independent

  6. Dangers of Extrinsic Motivation • Changes in behavior are likely to be temporary • When the extrinsic reward is obtained, the student reverts to earlier behavior • Students develop a materialistic attitude toward learning • “What tangible reward will I get if I agree to learn this?” • The “Undermining Effect” • rewards undermine intrinsic desire to learn

  7. Minimizing the “Undermining Effect” • Avoid indiscriminate use of rewards • Give rewards based upon a predetermined standard of excellence • Give rewards when the task is challenging • First prize at a science fair may cause a student to maintain a strong interest in science • Avoid rewards for activities in which there exists a natural interest

  8. Cognitive Views of Motivation • Humans are naturally motivated to learn because they strive for equilibrium • This is achieved by: • Assimilating a new experience by relating it to an existing scheme • Accomodation of an existing scheme if the experience is too different to be assimilated

  9. Cognitive Views of Motivation • Adkinson- The “Need for Achievement” • Partly innate - partly based upon experience • Individuals with a High Need for Achievement • have a strong expectation for success • low fear of failure • anticipate the feeling of pride in accomplishment

  10. Cognitive Views of Motivation • High Need Achievers • seek moderately challenging tasks that offer a balance between challenge and expected success • Low Need Achievers • avoid challenging tasks because their fear of failure outweighs their expectation of success • choose either easy tasks because the probability of success is high or very difficult tasks because there is no shame in failing

  11. Attribution Theory • When asked, learners attribute success or failure to four factors • Lack of Ability “I have a poor head for numbers” • Lack of Effort “I didn’t really study for the test.” • Task Difficulty “That test was too hard” • Luck “I guessed wrong about what to study.”

  12. Attribution Theory • Luck and Task Difficulty are external attributions • The “locus of control” is outside the learner • Ability is a stable attribution • It tends to stay the same over time • Effort is an internal attribution • The “locus of control” is with the learner • Research indicates that • stable attributes (ability) lead to expectations of future success or failure • internal attributes (effort) lead to pride in achievement

  13. Humanistic Views of Motivation • Abraham Maslow • Healthy individuals are motivated to seek fulfilling experiences • Human motivation is based upon need gratification • Maslow identified a five level hierarchy of needs

  14. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-Actualization maximizing one’s potential. This is often called the growth need because people constantly strive to satisfy it Esteem Belongingness Love Safety- nurturance, money Physiological- food, water, oxygen

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