Lichen

1. Lichen ~By YCK2 (Group D)

2. ~~Content~~ 1.Introduction 2.methodology 3.type of lichen 4.Accumulation of poison substance along the food chain 5.data analysis 6.factor affect growth of lichen 7.conclusion 8.photo of lichen

3. Lichen Structure of algae and fungus Algae – blue or green - appears as clusters or chains of greenish cells - middle layer Fungus – brown or colourless - long cellular threads called hyphae -upper and lower layers

4. Relationship between algae and fungus - Mutualism - both gain benefits -Algae produce carbohydrates as food supply - Fungus with hyphae holes the structure firmly on substrates and absorb mineral salts

5. CRUSTOSE LICHEN -Thin crust on the surface of tree, trunks, rock or soil. -In most cases, crust adheres tightly as hyphae penetrate the surface of substration. (function : removal difficult ) (e.g. Buellia 黑瘤衣 )

6. Leafy lichen -more complicated layered structure -made up of flat lobes of tissue -anchored by root-like rhizines. (e.g.Parmotrema 裸緣梅衣)

7. Scaly lichen -more complicated layered structure -made up of flat lobes of tissue -anchored by root-like rhizines. -simpler form -almost crustose form -lobes of scaly lichen are of the order 1mm across whilst those of leafy lichen (e.g.Dirinaria 脊衣)

8. Bushy lichen -highly organized -stand erect or hang suspended from the substrates -thread-like, stalk-like or bushy in form -function: provide strengthening tissue for support (e.g. Cladia 篩蕊)

9. Equipment Lichen identification kit x 1 5m rope x 1 * Hand lens x 1 2m rope x 1 Compass x 1 Plastic mini-quadrat x 1 *Abney level x 1 Drawing pin pack x 1 Measuring tape x1 Aquarium nets x 1 *Digital thermometer/Hygrometer * Pooter x 1 *Lux meter x 1 Forcept x 1 Drying paper towel x some Plastic vials x 1 Plastic basket x 1 Clip board x 1 Label x 1

10. Procedure 1.Select2 host treesamong all the assigned tress.Recordtheirbark nature,girth,and other particular of interests. 2.Tie the5m ropeon the tree trunk at a height~1.5mabove ground level. By using a compass,divided thecircular belt transect intoNorth, East,South,West. Fixit by attaching a2m ropewith drawing pins inserted into tree trunk. 3.Measure thedistance to the path/to the nearesttree subtended by each quarter. 4.In order to study theabiotic factors,ateach quarter,measure (i)temperaturewith a digital thermometer (ii)relative humiditywith a hygrometer (iii)light intensitywith Lux meter. 5.Place the plastic mini-quadrat on each tree quarter and the total number of squares falling within the limits. Identify the lichens within our study zones, record their morphology and count the number of squares occupied by each species.

11. 6. Catch and identify animals at different microhabitats on the trees and rocks studied with net and pooter provided. 7. Select 1 rock among the assigned rocks. Sketch their shapes and make briefdescriptions. 8. Determine the number of surfaces on the rocks. On each main surface, record the following in the layer of air immediately above each surface:(i)facing direction with a compass. (ii) slope with an abney level. (iii) roughness by hands. (iv) temperature with a digital htermometer. (v) relative humidity with a hygrometer. (vi) light intensity with a Luxmeter. 9.The procedures for studying of biotic factors of rock are the same as that of trees.

12. Indicator of air pollution( presence of sulphur dioxide in air • Reasons that lichen is an indicator of air pollution: -plants have different of tolerance to sulphur dioxide -lichen obtain of water mainly from air -lichen easily dies in a small trace of sulphur dioxide in air -lichen is sensitive to polluted air with sulphur dioxide

13. Different lichens have different tolerance • to polluted air : 1. Lichen with large surface area to the volume ratio are more sensitive to the amount of sulphur dioxide 2.Shapes of lichen that related to tolerance to polluted air i. Crustose (e.g. Buellia 黑瘤衣 ) ii. Bushy (e.g. Cladia 篩蕊 ) iii.Leafy (e.g.Parmotrema 裸緣梅衣) iv.Scaly (e.g. Dirinaria 脊衣 )

14. 3. Bushy: Largest surface area to volume ratio, therefore most sensitive to amount of sulphur dioxide in air Encrusting: Smallest surface area to volume ratio, therefore less Sensitive to amount of sulphur dioxide in air.

15. Data response and conclusion -Total number of lichen in rock is larger when compared with tree. -Different direction in the tree show different percentage of lichen. Generally speaking, those with less sunlight give less lichen -The North side has more lichen

16. -When distance from the other trees was shorter, it have less lichen. -Tree 2 have more lichen than tree 1 -When more than one of lichen present in the same substrate, for example, in tree 1,North side,Lecanora show a more of lichen than Chrysothrix

17. Several factors needed to be mentioned • Relative humidity • Temperature • Light intensity • Surface area (directly to oxygen) • Age • Tree crack (crevices) • Tree leaves • Snail (predation) • Competition (on one particular tree) • ATV quality ( places) • Physical environment effect to the lichen

18. Lichen Distribution Table Total Lichen in Tree 1 : 959 Tree 2 :2317 Rock: 4511

19. Accumulation of poison substance along the food chain: A.Bio accumulation: lichen absorbs oxygen and water from air sulphur dioxide is also absorbed sulphur dioxide cannot be removed and thus accumulate lichen absorb sulphur dioxide thruoghout their life and accumulate in their bodies. Accumulation to certain extent will kill lichen

20. B. Bio magnification: Food chain of lichen: Sunlightlichen (algae)snailshuman beings Sulphur dioxide is accumulated in lichen Snails feed on large amount of lichen and thus the sulphur dioxide obtained during feeding multiply.

21. Human beings feed on large amount of lichen and thus the effect on Magnification of sulphur dioxide is more obvious. Ways to reduce the effect of accumulation of toxic substance: As the accumulation of toxic substances in lichen will finally harm and endanger human beings, it is necessary to reduce the sulphur dioxide level in air.Reduce the sulphur dioxide content in air by reducing air pollution

22. ~Byebye~ It's time to have a meal!!